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Energy use of integral refrigerated containers in maritime transportation

Author

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  • Fitzgerald, Warren B.
  • Howitt, Oliver J.A.
  • Smith, Inga J.
  • Hume, Anthony

Abstract

The global trading of perishable goods is possible through the application of product refrigeration and atmospheric control during transportation. A mean energy consumption rate of 2.7 kW/TEU was assumed in this study, but was found to have potential variations of around ±60%. New Zealand's maritime trade was considered as a case study for the year 2007 to place the effect of refrigerated transport in context. For individual refrigerated containers, approximately 19% of the energy use related to its journey is used for refrigeration purposes. In 2007, approximately 18% and 61% of New Zealand's imported and exported food products by mass, respectively, required some form of refrigeration during transportation. Maintaining the refrigerated state of imports and exports to and from New Zealand during maritime transportation consumed approximately 280 GWh of electricity. Assuming all this electricity was generated onboard vessels using auxiliary engines, approximately 61 kt of fuel was consumed and 190 kt of CO2 produced. Refrigeration is of particular importance to the many greenhouse gas or carbon footprinting studies conducted around the world. Implications are discussed in the context of greenhouse gas emissions from the transport of apples from NZ to the UK and long-term storage of UK apples.

Suggested Citation

  • Fitzgerald, Warren B. & Howitt, Oliver J.A. & Smith, Inga J. & Hume, Anthony, 2011. "Energy use of integral refrigerated containers in maritime transportation," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(4), pages 1885-1896, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:39:y:2011:i:4:p:1885-1896
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lenzen, Manfred & Murray, Joy & Sack, Fabian & Wiedmann, Thomas, 2007. "Shared producer and consumer responsibility -- Theory and practice," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(1), pages 27-42, February.
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    3. repec:bla:devpol:v:27:y:2009:i:3:p:243-267 is not listed on IDEAS
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    2. Ludmiła Filina-Dawidowicz & Csaba Csiszár, 2022. "Influence of Parking Sheds on Energy Efficiency of Road Refrigerated Transport," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-18, March.
    3. Bob Castelein & Ron van Duin & Harry Geerlings, 2019. "Identifying Dominant Stakeholder Perspectives on Sustainability Issues in Reefer Transportation. A Q-Method Study in the Port of Rotterdam," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-21, June.
    4. J. H. R. van Duin & H. Geerlings & L. A. Tavasszy & D. L. Bank, 2019. "Factors causing peak energy consumption of reefers at container terminals," Journal of Shipping and Trade, Springer, vol. 4(1), pages 1-17, December.
    5. Bozorgi, Ali, 2016. "Multi-product inventory model for cold items with cost and emission consideration," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 123-142.
    6. Ming Liu & Rongfan Liu & E Zhang & Chengbin Chu, 2022. "Eco-friendly container transshipment route scheduling problem with repacking operations," Journal of Combinatorial Optimization, Springer, vol. 43(5), pages 1010-1035, July.
    7. Prem Vrat & Rachita Gupta & Aman Bhatnagar & Devendra Kumar Pathak & Vijayta Fulzele, 2018. "Literature review analytics (LRA) on sustainable cold-chain for perishable food products: research trends and future directions," OPSEARCH, Springer;Operational Research Society of India, vol. 55(3), pages 601-627, November.
    8. Ming Liu & Rongfan Liu & E Zhang & Chengbin Chu, 0. "Eco-friendly container transshipment route scheduling problem with repacking operations," Journal of Combinatorial Optimization, Springer, vol. 0, pages 1-26.
    9. Iris, Çağatay & Lam, Jasmine Siu Lee, 2019. "A review of energy efficiency in ports: Operational strategies, technologies and energy management systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 170-182.
    10. Fan, Yun & Behdani, Behzad & Bloemhof-Ruwaard, Jacqueline & Zuidwijk, Rob, 2019. "Flow consolidation in hinterland container transport: An analysis for perishable and dry cargo," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 128-160.

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