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Policy choices and outcomes for offshore wind auctions globally

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  • Jansen, Malte
  • Beiter, Philipp
  • Riepin, Iegor
  • Müsgens, Felix
  • Guajardo-Fajardo, Victor Juarez
  • Staffell, Iain
  • Bulder, Bernard
  • Kitzing, Lena

Abstract

Offshore wind energy is rapidly expanding, facilitated largely through auctions run by governments. We provide a detailed quantified overview of utilised auction schemes, including geographical spread, volumes, results, and design specifications. Our comprehensive global dataset reveals heterogeneous designs. Although most auction designs provide some form of revenue stabilisation, their specific instrument choices vary and include feed-in tariffs, one-sided and two-sided contracts for difference, mandated power purchase agreements, and mandated renewable energy certificates.

Suggested Citation

  • Jansen, Malte & Beiter, Philipp & Riepin, Iegor & Müsgens, Felix & Guajardo-Fajardo, Victor Juarez & Staffell, Iain & Bulder, Bernard & Kitzing, Lena, 2022. "Policy choices and outcomes for offshore wind auctions globally," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:167:y:2022:i:c:s0301421522002257
    DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113000
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    5. Garcia-Novo, Patxi & Watakabe, Shun & Kyozuka, Yusaku & Sakaguchi, Daisaku, 2025. "Influence of high-resolution bathymetry coverage area on the accuracy of ocean models for tidal current energy applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 339(C).
    6. Zhang, H. & Pollitt, M., 2023. "Comparison of policy instruments in the development process of offshore wind power in North Sea countries," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 2365, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
    7. Rodrigo Vellardo Guimarães & Milad Shadman & Saulo Ribeiro Silva & Segen F. Estefen & Maurício Tiomno Tolmasquim & Amaro Olimpio Pereira, 2025. "Cost Breakeven Point of Offshore Wind Energy in Brazil," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-23, April.
    8. Jansen, Malte & Gross, Rob & Staffell, Iain, 2024. "Quantitative evidence for modelling electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    9. Malleret, Simon & Jansen, Malte & Laido, Ahti Simo & Kitzing, Lena, 2024. "Profitability dynamics of offshore wind from auction to investment decision," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    10. Hastings-Simon, Sara & Leach, Andrew & Shaffer, Blake & Weis, Tim, 2022. "Alberta's Renewable Electricity Program: Design, results, and lessons learned," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    11. Hughes, Llewelyn & Longden, Thomas, 2024. "Offshore wind power in the Asia-Pacific: Expert elicitation on costs and policies," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    12. Tiedemann, Silvana & Müller-Hansen, Finn, 2023. "Auctions to phase out coal power: Lessons learned from Germany," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
    13. Ehrhart, Karl-Martin & Ott, Marion & Seifert, Stefan & Wang, Runxi, 2024. "Combinatorial auctions for renewable energy — potentials and challenges," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    14. Sara C. Pryor & Rebecca J. Barthelmie, 2024. "Power Production, Inter- and Intra-Array Wake Losses from the U.S. East Coast Offshore Wind Energy Lease Areas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-30, February.
    15. Wagner, Fabian & Jansen, Malte & Kitzing, Lena, 2026. "How do two-way contracts-for-difference affect futures markets? A novel modelling approach of futures market liquidity," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    16. Schlecht, Ingmar & Maurer, Christoph & Hirth, Lion, 2024. "Financial contracts for differences: The problems with conventional CfDs in electricity markets and how forward contracts can help solve them," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    17. Boadu, Solomon & Otoo, Ebenezer, 2024. "A comprehensive review on wind energy in Africa: Challenges, benefits and recommendations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    18. Antonio C. C. Perrelli & Eduardo A. Sodré & André V. R. N. Silva & Caarem D. S. Studzinski & Vinícius F. Silva & Dalton F. G. Filho & Armando T. Neto & Alex A. B. Santos, 2024. "Optimizing Price Markup: The Impact of Power Purchase Agreements and Energy Production Uncertainty on the Economic Performance of Onshore and Offshore Wind Farms," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(5), pages 211-219, September.
    19. Batz Liñeiro, Taimyra & Müsgens, Felix, 2023. "Evaluating the German onshore wind auction programme: An analysis based on individual bids," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).

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