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Differences in risk and protective factors between crossover and non-crossover youth in juvenile justice

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  • Lee, Sei-Young
  • Villagrana, Margarita

Abstract

Risk and protective factors embedded in the domains of individual, family, peer, school, and community have been reported to be significantly associated with the risk of offending and re-offending for youth in juvenile justice. However, few studies have examined risk and protective factors for youth with a history of child welfare system involvement in juvenile justice (i.e., crossover youth). Using administrative records from a large urban county and Cox Proportional Hazards Regression analyses, the current study examined differences in risk and protective factors between crossover and non-crossover youth. It also examined male and female comparisons in risk and protective factors between crossover and non-crossover youth. Moreover, this study investigated the relationship between risk and protective factors with the risk of recidivism for crossover youth compared to non-crossover youth in juvenile justice. Results revealed that crossover youth engaged in delinquency at an earlier age and were more likely to recidivate than non-crossover youth. Additionally, crossover youth had higher risk and lower protective factors than non-crossover youth. Female crossover youth engaged in delinquency at a later age compared to male crossover youth. Female crossover youth showed equivalent levels of offending and re-offending rates when compared to male non-crossover youth. The domains for substance use, education, and peers were found to be significant in estimating the risk of recidivism for crossover youth, whereas the domain for education was found to be significant for non-crossover youth. Implications for working with crossover and non-crossover youth are discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Lee, Sei-Young & Villagrana, Margarita, 2015. "Differences in risk and protective factors between crossover and non-crossover youth in juvenile justice," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 18-27.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:cysrev:v:58:y:2015:i:c:p:18-27
    DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.09.001
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    4. Lee, Sei-Young & Rhee, Siyon & Villagrana, Margarita, 2018. "Change in delinquency over time between adolescents with and without maltreatment experiences: Attachment and the school's role," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 110-119.
    5. Modrowski, Crosby A. & Chaplo, Shannon D. & Kerig, Patricia K., 2023. "Youth Dually-Involved in the child welfare and juvenile justice systems: Varying definitions and their associations with trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress, & offending," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    6. Daniel Scott & Natalie Goulette, 2023. "Caregiver Type and Gang Involvement: A Comparison of Female and Male Gang Members," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-15, July.
    7. Barnes-Lee, Ashlee R. & Petkus, Amber, 2023. "A scoping review of strengths-based risk and needs assessments for youth involved in the juvenile legal system," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    8. Dierkhising, Carly B. & Eastman, Andrea Lane & Chan, Kristine, 2023. "Juvenile justice and child welfare dual system involvement among females with and without histories of commercial sexual exploitation," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    9. Shipe, Stacey L. & Shaw, Terry V. & Betsinger, Sara & Farrell, Jill L., 2017. "Expanding the conceptualization of re-entry: The inter-play between child welfare and juvenile services," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 256-262.
    10. Narendorf, Sarah C. & Brydon, Daphne M. & Santa Maria, Diane & Bender, Kimberly & Ferguson, Kristin M. & Hsu, Hsun-Ta & Barman-Adhikari, Anamika & Shelton, Jama & Petering, Robin, 2020. "System involvement among young adults experiencing homelessness: Characteristics of four system-involved subgroups and relationship to risk outcomes," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
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