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Time trends and determinants of the method of payment in M&As

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  • Boone, Audra L.
  • Lie, Erik
  • Liu, Yixin

Abstract

We examine the time trends and determinants of the method of payment in M&As spanning four decades. The fraction of mixed payments tripled from about 10% before the turn of the century to 30% in the new century, while the fraction of stock (cash) payments peaked (bottomed out) in the late 1990s but has since plunged (surged). We can explain a portion, but not all, of these trends using explanatory variables linked to adverse selection theory, taxation, and contracting costs. We also show that mixed payments are not merely hybrids between cash and stock payments, but have unique determinants and features.

Suggested Citation

  • Boone, Audra L. & Lie, Erik & Liu, Yixin, 2014. "Time trends and determinants of the method of payment in M&As," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 296-304.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:corfin:v:27:y:2014:i:c:p:296-304
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2014.05.015
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    2. Jinhwan Kim & Rodrigo S. Verdi & Benjamin P. Yost, 2020. "Do Firms Strategically Internalize Disclosure Spillovers? Evidence from Cash‐Financed M&As," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 58(5), pages 1249-1297, December.
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    6. Pierpaolo Battigalli & Carlo Chiarella & Stefano Gatti & Tommaso Orlando, 2017. "M&A negotiations with limited information: how do opaque firms buy and get bought?," Working Papers 596, IGIER (Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research), Bocconi University.
    7. Alexandridis, George & Hoepner, Andreas G.F. & Huang, Zhenyi & Oikonomou, Ioannis, 2022. "Corporate social responsibility culture and international M&As," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 54(1).
    8. Vinogradova, V., 2024. "The upside-down world of value capture. Do companies in technology sector follow the principles of profitable growth?," Journal of the New Economic Association, New Economic Association, vol. 62(1), pages 171-195.
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    10. de Bodt, Eric & Cousin, Jean-Gabriel & Officer, Micah S., 2022. "Financial constraints, ownership dilution, and the method of payment in M&A transactions," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    11. Huang, Wei & Goodell, John W. & Zhang, Hong, 2019. "Pre-merger management in developing markets: The role of earnings glamor," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    12. Gu, Lulu & Reed, W. Robert, 2016. "Does financing of Chinese mergers and acquisitions have “Chinese characteristics”?," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 11-14.
    13. Davidson Heath & Mark Mitchell, 2023. "Market Returns and Interim Risk in Mergers," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(1), pages 617-635, January.
    14. Huang, Peng & Officer, Micah S. & Powell, Ronan, 2016. "Method of payment and risk mitigation in cross-border mergers and acquisitions," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 216-234.
    15. Renneboog, Luc & Vansteenkiste, Cara, 2019. "Failure and success in mergers and acquisitions," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 650-699.
    16. Eckbo, B. Espen & Makaew, Tanakorn & Thorburn, Karin S., 2018. "Are stock-financed takeovers opportunistic?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(3), pages 443-465.
    17. Kien Dinh Cao & Thuy Thu Nguyen & Giang Thi Thu Dao, 2016. "Payment Methods in Acquisitions of Association of Southeast Asian Nations Bidders," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 6(4), pages 1707-1715.
    18. Chen, I-Ju & Chen, Yan-Shing & Chen, Sheng-Syan, 2018. "The strategic choice of payment method in corporate acquisitions: The role of collective bargaining against unionized workers," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 408-422.
    19. Eric de Bodt & Jean-Gabriel Cousin & Richard Roll, 2018. "Full-Stock-Payment Marginalization in Merger and Acquisition Transactions," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 64(2), pages 760-783, February.
    20. Merkoulova, Yulia & Zivanovic, Branislav, 2022. "Financial constraints and financing sources in mergers and acquisitions," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    21. Cho, Hyejin & Ahn, He Soung, 2017. "Stock payment and the effects of institutional and cultural differences: A study of shareholder value creation in cross-border M&As," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 26(3), pages 461-475.
    22. Dutordoir, Marie & Strong, Norman C. & Sun, Ping, 2022. "Does short-selling potential influence merger and acquisition payment choice?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 144(3), pages 761-779.
    23. Adra, Samer & Barbopoulos, Leonidas G. & Saunders, Anthony, 2020. "The impact of monetary policy on M&A outcomes," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Takeovers; Method of payment; Time trends;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G34 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance

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