IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v389y2025ics0306261925004726.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Customer-centric meso-level planning for electric vehicle charger distribution

Author

Listed:
  • Karmaker, Ashish Kumar
  • Sturmberg, Bjorn
  • Behrens, Sam
  • Pota, Hemanshu Roy

Abstract

This paper presents a framework for the meso-level planning of electric vehicle (EV) charger distribution, addressing customer-level plugin uncertainties and regional variations. To bridge the gap between nationwide macro-level targets and localized micro-level plans, a meso-level approach is essential, considering regional diversity, market dynamics, and customer-centric factors. To address these limitations in meso-level planning, this paper proposes a customer-segmentation approach coupled with a probabilistic Monte Carlo Simulation to identify charger requirements in the cities across the Australian capital. This paper employs a K-means clustering algorithm to classify EV customers, leveraging prioritized features derived from a Random Forest Classifier based on available models in regional markets. Regional uncertainties in EV plug-in behaviors are collected from Australian scenarios to capture the inherent variability in charging patterns and accurately reflect the local demographics influencing EV adoption and usage. The results indicate the need for installing 1239 regular and 235 fast-charging ports, with a projected 29.53 % increase in charging ports by 2040 due to population and vehicle sales growth. Additionally, comparing with existing reports reveals that neglecting customer plugin behaviors and vehicle types can lead to an inaccurate estimation of charger requirements, resulting in significant investment losses. The findings underscore the importance of incorporating customer segmentation and regional variations into EV infrastructure planning to optimize resource allocation without costly mismatches.

Suggested Citation

  • Karmaker, Ashish Kumar & Sturmberg, Bjorn & Behrens, Sam & Pota, Hemanshu Roy, 2025. "Customer-centric meso-level planning for electric vehicle charger distribution," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 389(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:389:y:2025:i:c:s0306261925004726
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125742
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261925004726
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125742?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Xinyu Fu & Thomas W. Sanchez & Chaosu Li & Juliana Reu Junqueira, 2024. "Deciphering Public Voices in the Digital Era," Journal of the American Planning Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 90(4), pages 728-741, October.
    2. Yinheng Li & Shaofei Wang & Han Ding & Hang Chen, 2023. "Large Language Models in Finance: A Survey," Papers 2311.10723, arXiv.org, revised Jul 2024.
    3. Mukherjee, Sanghamitra Chattopadhyay & Ryan, Lisa, 2020. "Factors influencing early battery electric vehicle adoption in Ireland," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    4. ., 2024. "Knowledge transfers from publicly funded firms," Chapters, in: Public Sector Technology Transfer, chapter 7, pages 114-125, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    5. ., 2024. "Technology transfers from publicly funded firms," Chapters, in: Public Sector Technology Transfer, chapter 8, pages 126-130, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    6. He, Sylvia Y. & Kuo, Yong-Hong & Sun, Ka Kit, 2022. "The spatial planning of public electric vehicle charging infrastructure in a high-density city using a contextualised location-allocation model," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 21-44.
    7. Alessandro V. M. Oliveira, 2024. "Transporte Aereo: Economia e Politicas Publicas," Papers 2402.07190, arXiv.org.
    8. ., 2024. "Why public sector technology transfer?," Chapters, in: Public Sector Technology Transfer, chapter 1, pages 1-16, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    9. ., 2024. "The way forward: rethinking public policy," Chapters, in: The Cost of Living Crisis, chapter 9, pages 184-203, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    10. Torkey, Alaa & Abdelgawad, Hossam, 2022. "Framework for planning of EV charging infrastructure: Where should cities start?," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 193-208.
    11. Zanvettor, Giovanni Gino & Fochesato, Marta & Casini, Marco & Lygeros, John & Vicino, Antonio, 2024. "A stochastic approach for EV charging stations in demand response programs," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 373(C).
    12. Woo, Hyeon & Son, Yongju & Cho, Jintae & Kim, Sung-Yul & Choi, Sungyun, 2023. "Optimal expansion planning of electric vehicle fast charging stations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 342(C).
    13. Soomauroo, Zakia & Blechinger, Philipp & Creutzig, Felix, 2023. "Electrifying public transit benefits public finances in small island developing states," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 45-59.
    14. Luiz Almeida & Ana Soares & Pedro Moura, 2023. "A Systematic Review of Optimization Approaches for the Integration of Electric Vehicles in Public Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-26, June.
    15. Ceballos, Francisco & Le, Ly & Soneja, Payal & de Brauw, Alan, 2024. "Description of MSME Survey in Viet Nam," CGIAR Initative Publications Sustainable Healthy Diets, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    16. ., 2024. "Publicly funded small business research programs," Chapters, in: Public Sector Technology Transfer, chapter 6, pages 98-113, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    17. Wenjing Xu & Zhi Li & Yudong Wang & KeJun Ma & Lu Liu & Yijun Bao & Xin Shi, 2024. "Public Health and Children’s Subjective Well-Being," Child Indicators Research, Springer;The International Society of Child Indicators (ISCI), vol. 17(4), pages 1471-1493, August.
    18. Choi, Hae Mi & Gupta-Mukherjee, Swasti, 2024. "Public sector unions and municipal debt," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    19. Yonjoo Cho & Jon Werner, 2024. "Publication Ethics: Learning from Cases," Springer Books, in: Darlene F. Russ-Eft & Amin Alizadeh (ed.), Ethics and Human Resource Development, pages 411-428, Springer.
    20. Yuan, Hong & Ma, Minda & Zhou, Nan & Xie, Hui & Ma, Zhili & Xiang, Xiwang & Ma, Xin, 2024. "Battery electric vehicle charging in China: Energy demand and emissions trends in the 2020s," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 365(C).
    21. Ferdaus, Md Meftahul & Dam, Tanmoy & Anavatti, Sreenatha & Das, Sarobi, 2024. "Digital technologies for a net-zero energy future: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    22. He, Simin & Zou, Xinlu, 2024. "Public goods provision in a network formation game," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 218(C), pages 104-131.
    23. Mostafa Mahdy & AbuBakr S. Bahaj & Philip Turner & Naomi Wise & Abdulsalam S. Alghamdi & Hidab Hamwi, 2022. "Multi Criteria Decision Analysis to Optimise Siting of Electric Vehicle Charging Points—Case Study Winchester District, UK," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-16, March.
    24. -, 2024. "Catálogo de Publicaciones 2023-2024," Libros y Documentos Institucionales, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), number 81117 edited by Cepal.
    25. Dobre Florin & Popescu Maria Loredana & Pargaru Ion & Vatase Florin, 2024. "Use of Digital Media in the Public Sector," Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, Sciendo, vol. 18(1), pages 779-789.
    26. Mr. Daniel Garcia-Macia & Mr. Waikei R Lam & Anh D. M. Nguyen, 2024. "Public Debt Dynamics During the Climate Transition," IMF Working Papers 2024/071, International Monetary Fund.
    27. Andrenacci, N. & Ragona, R. & Valenti, G., 2016. "A demand-side approach to the optimal deployment of electric vehicle charging stations in metropolitan areas," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 39-46.
    28. Doorga, Jay R.S. & Hall, Jim W. & Eyre, Nick, 2022. "Geospatial multi-criteria analysis for identifying optimum wind and solar sites in Africa: Towards effective power sector decarbonization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    29. Loni, Abdolah & Asadi, Somayeh, 2023. "Data-driven equitable placement for electric vehicle charging stations: Case study San Francisco," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Torkey, Alaa & Abdelgawad, Hossam, 2022. "Framework for planning of EV charging infrastructure: Where should cities start?," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 193-208.
    2. Pichamon Keawthong & Veera Muangsin & Chupun Gowanit, 2022. "Location Selection of Charging Stations for Electric Taxis: A Bangkok Case," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-23, September.
    3. Wang, Zhichao & Guo, Zhaomiao & Liu, Kai & Lin, Zhenhong & Li, Shunxi, 2024. "Multi-stage layout strategies of intercity charging and swapping infrastructure for electric logistics vehicles: random, radical, or conservative?," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 12-23.
    4. Ulrike Illmann & Jan Kluge, 2021. "Halb voll oder halb leer? Zur Bedeutung flächendeckender öffentlicher Ladeinfrastruktur für die Entwicklung der Elektromobilität," ifo Dresden berichtet, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 28(05), pages 10-17, October.
    5. Chen, Yufeng & Ni, Liangfu & Liu, Kelong, 2021. "Does China's new energy vehicle industry innovate efficiently? A three-stage dynamic network slacks-based measure approach," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    6. Natascia Andrenacci & Roberto Ragona & Antonino Genovese, 2020. "Evaluation of the Instantaneous Power Demand of an Electric Charging Station in an Urban Scenario," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-19, May.
    7. Csiszár, Csaba & Csonka, Bálint & Földes, Dávid & Wirth, Ervin & Lovas, Tamás, 2020. "Location optimisation method for fast-charging stations along national roads," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    8. Ding, Yanyan & Jian, Sisi & Yu, Lin, 2025. "How to reduce carbon emissions in the urban transportation systems through carbon markets? Balancing the monetary and environmental benefits," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PB).
    9. Oluwasola O. Ademulegun & Paul MacArtain & Bukola Oni & Neil J. Hewitt, 2022. "Multi-Stage Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Siting Electric Vehicle Charging Stations within and across Border Regions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-28, December.
    10. Shuping Wu & Zan Yang, 2020. "Availability of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Pile and Development of Electric Vehicle: Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-14, August.
    11. Albert N. Link, 2024. "Small Firm Research Supported by the National Institutes of Health’s National Cancer Institute," Annals of Science and Technology Policy, now publishers, vol. 8(4), pages 300-366, October.
    12. Wang, Yue & Shi, Jianmai & Wang, Rui & Liu, Zhong & Wang, Ling, 2018. "Siting and sizing of fast charging stations in highway network with budget constraint," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 1255-1271.
    13. Jianxin Qin & Jing Qiu & Yating Chen & Tao Wu & Longgang Xiang, 2022. "Charging Stations Selection Using a Graph Convolutional Network from Geographic Grid," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-16, December.
    14. Fajar Nurrohman Haryadi & Arionmaro Asi Simaremare & Shochrul Rohmatul Rohmatul & Dzikri Firmansyah Hakam & Kevin Gausultan Hadith Mangunkusumo, 2023. "Investigating the Impact of Key Factors on Electric/Electric-Vehicle Charging Station Adoption in Indonesia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(3), pages 434-442, May.
    15. Yue Wang & Zhong Liu & Jianmai Shi & Guohua Wu & Rui Wang, 2018. "Joint Optimal Policy for Subsidy on Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure Construction in Highway Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-21, September.
    16. Goldacre, Allie & Jones, Ed & Martin, Emma & Clements, Keith & Webb, Calum & Hood, Rick, 2025. "Predictors of re-referral to children’s social care services: An analysis of the national datasets for England," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    17. VJ Vijayalakshmi & A Amudha & K Dhayalini & A Prakash, 2024. "A hybrid WFS-CGO based approach for optimal allocation of EV charging spots along with capacitors in smart distribution network for congestion management," Energy & Environment, , vol. 35(4), pages 1673-1702, June.
    18. Haiqing Gan & Wenjun Ruan & Mingshen Wang & Yi Pan & Huiyu Miu & Xiaodong Yuan, 2024. "Bi-Level Planning of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Considering Spatial–Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Charging Loads in Uncertain Environments," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-30, June.
    19. Khaleghikarahrodi, Mehrsa & Macht, Gretchen A., 2023. "Patterns, no patterns, that is the question: Quantifying users’ electric vehicle charging," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 291-304.
    20. Cui, Jingshi & Cao, Yi & Wang, Bo & Wu, Jiaman, 2025. "Multi-stage adaptive expansion of EV charging stations considering impacts from the transportation network and power grid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 386(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:389:y:2025:i:c:s0306261925004726. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.