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Blockchain for secure decentralized energy management of multi-energy system using state machine replication

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  • Yan, Mingyu
  • Teng, Fei
  • Gan, Wei
  • Yao, Wei
  • Wen, Jinyu

Abstract

Decentralized energy management can preserve the privacy of individual energy systems while mitigating computational and communication burdens. However, most decentralized energy management methods are partially decentralized and cannot ensure information exchange security. Therefore, this paper provides a secure fully decentralized energy management by using blockchain. First, a fully decentralized energy management framework using the optimality condition decomposition (OCD) is provided, in which individual energy system operators only exchange the boundary information with their peers rather than submitting proprietary information to a centralized system operator. Then, an asynchronous mechanism is proposed for updating the information exchange in OCD, enabling the proposed decentralized management to work under potential communication latency or interruption. Furthermore, the blockchain-based framework with state machine replication (SMR) based consensus algorithm is provided to safeguard the information exchange among individual energy systems in a secure and tamper-proof manner. The proposed decentralized energy management is tested on a multi-energy system with seven subsystems and a real-world multi-energy system in North China. The numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in privacy protection and data security enhancement. The proposed method can prevent the cost increase caused by cheating activities, which in some subsystems can reach 17.6%. Additionally, the proposed fully decentralized method outperforms the partially decentralized method by 37.7% in reducing computation time. Also demonstrated are the computational precision, scalability and adaptability of the proposed method.1Information about the data used in the case study of this paper, including how to access them, can be found in the Cardiff University data catalogue at http://doi.org/10.17035/d.2023.0247331015.1

Suggested Citation

  • Yan, Mingyu & Teng, Fei & Gan, Wei & Yao, Wei & Wen, Jinyu, 2023. "Blockchain for secure decentralized energy management of multi-energy system using state machine replication," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 337(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:337:y:2023:i:c:s0306261923002271
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120863
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cheng, Yaohua & Zhang, Ning & Kirschen, Daniel S. & Huang, Wujing & Kang, Chongqing, 2020. "Planning multiple energy systems for low-carbon districts with high penetration of renewable energy: An empirical study in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
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    1. Tariq, Abdul Haseeb & Amin, Uzma, 2025. "Peer-to-peer multi-energy trading in a decentralized network: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
    2. Abdin, Zainul, 2024. "Empowering the hydrogen economy: The transformative potential of blockchain technology," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    3. Zhu, Jizhong & Zhou, Jialin & Zhang, Di & Gan, Wei & Sun, Chao, 2025. "Trusted low-carbon optimized economic dispatch for integrated energy industrial park based on blockchain technology," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 381(C).
    4. Kayode Ebenezer Ojo & Akshay Kumar Saha & Viranjay Mohan Srivastava, 2025. "Microgrids’ Control Strategies and Real-Time Monitoring Systems: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-34, July.
    5. Zhou, Yijia & Peng, Hongyi & Yan, Mingyu, 2024. "Online probabilistic energy flow for hydrogen-power-heat system based on multi-parametric programming," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 372(C).
    6. Qinghan Sun & Huan Ma & Tian Zhao & Yonglin Xin & Qun Chen, 2024. "Break down the decentralization-security-privacy trilemma in management of distributed energy systems," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-12, December.
    7. Hussain, Shahid & Irshad, Reyazur Rashid & Pallonetto, Fabiano & Hussain, Ihtisham & Hussain, Zakir & Tahir, Muhammad & Abimannan, Satheesh & Shukla, Saurabh & Yousif, Adil & Kim, Yun-Su & El-Sayed, H, 2023. "Hybrid coordination scheme based on fuzzy inference mechanism for residential charging of electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 352(C).

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