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Digital twin of a MWh-scale grid battery system for efficiency and degradation analysis

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  • Reniers, Jorn M.
  • Howey, David A.

Abstract

Large-scale grid-connected lithium-ion batteries are increasingly being deployed to support renewable energy roll-out on the power grid. These battery systems consist of thousands of individual cells and various ancillary systems for monitoring and control. Although many studies have focused on the behaviour of single lithium-ion cells, the impact of system design choices and ancillary system controls on long-term degradation and efficiency of these systems, containing thousands of cells, has rarely been considered in detail. Here, we simulate a 1MWh grid battery system consisting of 18,900 individual cells, each represented by a separate electrochemical model, as well as the thermal management system and power electronic converters. Simulations of the impact of cell-to-cell variability, thermal effects, and degradation effects were run for up to 10,000 cycles and 10 years. It is shown that electrical contact resistances and cell-to-cell variations in initial capacity and resistance have a smaller effect on performance than previously thought. Instead, the variation in degradation rate of individual cells dominates the system behaviour over the lifetime. The importance of careful thermal management system control is demonstrated, with proportional control improving overall efficiency by 5%-pts over on–off methods, also increasing the total usable energy of the battery by 5%-pts after 10 years.

Suggested Citation

  • Reniers, Jorn M. & Howey, David A., 2023. "Digital twin of a MWh-scale grid battery system for efficiency and degradation analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 336(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:336:y:2023:i:c:s0306261923001381
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120774
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Liu, Xinhua & Ai, Weilong & Naylor Marlow, Max & Patel, Yatish & Wu, Billy, 2019. "The effect of cell-to-cell variations and thermal gradients on the performance and degradation of lithium-ion battery packs," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C), pages 489-499.
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    4. Holger C. Hesse & Michael Schimpe & Daniel Kucevic & Andreas Jossen, 2017. "Lithium-Ion Battery Storage for the Grid—A Review of Stationary Battery Storage System Design Tailored for Applications in Modern Power Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-42, December.
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    1. Calum Strange & Rasheed Ibraheem & Gonçalo dos Reis, 2023. "Online Lifetime Prediction for Lithium-Ion Batteries with Cycle-by-Cycle Updates, Variance Reduction, and Model Ensembling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-14, April.
    2. Wang, Qiao & Ye, Min & Cai, Xue & Sauer, Dirk Uwe & Li, Weihan, 2023. "Transferable data-driven capacity estimation for lithium-ion batteries with deep learning: A case study from laboratory to field applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 350(C).
    3. Erdal Irmak & Ersan Kabalci & Yasin Kabalci, 2023. "Digital Transformation of Microgrids: A Review of Design, Operation, Optimization, and Cybersecurity," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-58, June.

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