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The effect of cell-to-cell variations and thermal gradients on the performance and degradation of lithium-ion battery packs

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  • Liu, Xinhua
  • Ai, Weilong
  • Naylor Marlow, Max
  • Patel, Yatish
  • Wu, Billy

Abstract

The performance of lithium-ion battery packs are often extrapolated from single cell performance however uneven currents in parallel strings due to cell-to-cell variations, thermal gradients and/or cell interconnects can reduce the overall performance of a large scale lithium-ion battery pack. In this work, we investigate the performance implications caused by these factors by simulating six parallel connected batteries based on a thermally coupled single particle model with the solid electrolyte interphase growth degradation mechanism modelled. Experimentally validated simulations show that cells closest to the load points of a pack experience higher currents than cells further away due to uneven overpotentials caused by the interconnects. When a cell with a four times greater internal impedance was placed in the location with the higher currents this actually helped to equalise the cell-to-cell current distribution, however if this was placed at a location furthest from the load point this would cause a ∼6% reduction in accessible energy at 1.5 C. The influence of thermal gradients can further affect this current heterogeneity leading to accelerated aging. Simulations show that in all cases, cells degrade at different rates in a pack due to the uneven currents, with this being amplified by thermal gradients. In the presented work a 5.2% increase in degradation rate, from −7.71 mWh/cycle (isothermal) to −8.11 mWh/cycle (non-isothermal) can be observed. Therefore, the insights from this paper highlight the highly coupled nature of battery pack performance and can inform designs for higher performance and longer lasting battery packs.

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  • Liu, Xinhua & Ai, Weilong & Naylor Marlow, Max & Patel, Yatish & Wu, Billy, 2019. "The effect of cell-to-cell variations and thermal gradients on the performance and degradation of lithium-ion battery packs," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C), pages 489-499.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:248:y:2019:i:c:p:489-499
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.108
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    13. Reniers, Jorn M. & Howey, David A., 2023. "Digital twin of a MWh-scale grid battery system for efficiency and degradation analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 336(C).
    14. Rüther, Tom & Plank, Christian & Schamel, Maximilian & Danzer, Michael A., 2023. "Detection of inhomogeneities in serially connected lithium-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
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    17. E, Jiaqiang & Qin, Yisheng & Zhang, Bin & Yin, Huichun & Tan, Yan, 2023. "Effects of heating film and phase change material on preheating performance of the lithium-ion battery pack with large capacity under low temperature environment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).

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