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Effective mitigation of the load pulses by controlling the battery/SMES hybrid energy storage system

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  • Bizon, Nicu

Abstract

In this paper it is analyzed the behavior of a battery/Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) hybrid Energy Storage Systems that can be used in a Fuel Cell/Renewable Energy Sources (RESs)/Hybrid Power System under an unknown load profile and variable RES power, which uses the Fuel Cell System as Auxiliary Energy Source. In general, the load demand profile includes large and sharp pulses, especially requested for space and military equipment, communication, and high-tech applications. The sizing and control of the battery/SMES Hybrid Power System under pulsed load are validated by simulations. The variability of the load demand and RES power is mitigated by using the Load-Following control for Auxiliary Energy Source of the RES Hybrid Power System. Thus, if the load power is higher than the RES power, then the battery will operate in charge-sustaining mode due to using the Load-Following control for Auxiliary Energy Source. Otherwise, the battery will operate in charge-increasing mode if the Hybrid Power System does not use an electrolyzer to be supplied with this excess of power. So, a reduced capacity is needed for battery operating in charge-sustaining mode due to use of the Load-Following control. However, the load pulses with large and sharp profile must be mitigated by the appropriate control of the SMES in order to protect the Fuel Cell system. So, the capacity of the SMES to generate (or to absorb) such pulses is analyzed in this paper. The simulation results illustrate the capacity of the SMES to generate different shapes of pulses. Thus, an effective mitigation of the load pulses is proposed here by controlling the SMES converter. Also, the design of the battery/SMES Hybrid Power System under dynamic load is presented.

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  • Bizon, Nicu, 2018. "Effective mitigation of the load pulses by controlling the battery/SMES hybrid energy storage system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C), pages 459-473.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:229:y:2018:i:c:p:459-473
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.08.013
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    Cited by:

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    5. Nicu Bizon & Mihai Oproescu, 2018. "Experimental Comparison of Three Real-Time Optimization Strategies Applied to Renewable/FC-Based Hybrid Power Systems Based on Load-Following Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-32, December.
    6. Yang, Bo & Zhu, Tianjiao & Zhang, Xiaoshun & Wang, Jingbo & Shu, Hongchun & Li, Shengnan & He, Tingyi & Yang, Lei & Yu, Tao, 2020. "Design and implementation of Battery/SMES hybrid energy storage systems used in electric vehicles: A nonlinear robust fractional-order control approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    7. Bizon, Nicu, 2019. "Efficient fuel economy strategies for the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems under variable renewable/load power profile," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    8. Bizon, Nicu, 2019. "Fuel saving strategy using real-time switching of the fueling regulators in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C), pages 1-1.
    9. Bizon, Nicu, 2019. "Hybrid power sources (HPSs) for space applications: Analysis of PEMFC/Battery/SMES HPS under unknown load containing pulses," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 14-37.
    10. Akram, Umer & Nadarajah, Mithulananthan & Shah, Rakibuzzaman & Milano, Federico, 2020. "A review on rapid responsive energy storage technologies for frequency regulation in modern power systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    11. Md. Shafiul Alam & Tanzi Ahmed Chowdhury & Abhishak Dhar & Fahad Saleh Al-Ismail & M. S. H. Choudhury & Md Shafiullah & Md. Ismail Hossain & Md. Alamgir Hossain & Aasim Ullah & Syed Masiur Rahman, 2023. "Solar and Wind Energy Integrated System Frequency Control: A Critical Review on Recent Developments," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-31, January.
    12. Ahmed Samawi Alkhafaji & Hafedh Trabelsi, 2022. "Uses of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids under Unbalanced Inductive Loads and Partial Shading Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-28, November.
    13. Li, Chao & Li, Gengyao & Xin, Ying & Li, Bin, 2022. "Mechanism of a novel mechanically operated contactless HTS energy converter," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    14. El Manaa Barhoumi & Ikram Ben Belgacem & Abla Khiareddine & Manaf Zghaibeh & Iskander Tlili, 2018. "A Neural Network-Based Four Phases Interleaved Boost Converter for Fuel Cell System Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-18, December.
    15. Sun, Qixing & Xing, Dong & Alafnan, Hamoud & Pei, Xiaoze & Zhang, Min & Yuan, Weijia, 2019. "Design and test of a new two-stage control scheme for SMES-battery hybrid energy storage systems for microgrid applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
    16. Nicu Bizon & Alin Gheorghita Mazare & Laurentiu Mihai Ionescu & Phatiphat Thounthong & Erol Kurt & Mihai Oproescu & Gheorghe Serban & Ioan Lita, 2019. "Better Fuel Economy by Optimizing Airflow of the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems Using Fuel Flow-Based Load-Following Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-17, July.
    17. Nicu Bizon & Phatiphat Thounthong, 2021. "A Simple and Safe Strategy for Improving the Fuel Economy of a Fuel Cell Vehicle," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-29, March.
    18. Nicu Bizon & Valentin Alexandru Stan & Angel Ciprian Cormos, 2019. "Optimization of the Fuel Cell Renewable Hybrid Power System Using the Control Mode of the Required Load Power on the DC Bus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-15, May.
    19. Zhu, Lingfeng & Wang, Yinshun & Guo, Yuetong & Liu, Wei & Hu, Chengyang, 2023. "Current decay and compensation of a closed-loop HTS magnet in non-uniform magnetic fields based on electro-magneto-thermal semi-analytical analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    20. Arunodaya Raj Mishra & Dinesh Kumar Tripathi & Fausto Cavallaro & Pratibha Rani & Santosh K. Nigam & Abbas Mardani, 2022. "Assessment of Battery Energy Storage Systems Using the Intuitionistic Fuzzy Removal Effects of Criteria and the Measurement of Alternatives and Ranking Based on Compromise Solution Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-23, October.
    21. Chen, Scarlett & Kumar, Anikesh & Wong, Wee Chin & Chiu, Min-Sen & Wang, Xiaonan, 2019. "Hydrogen value chain and fuel cells within hybrid renewable energy systems: Advanced operation and control strategies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233, pages 321-337.

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