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Understanding usage patterns of electric kettle and energy saving potential

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  • Murray, D.M.
  • Liao, J.
  • Stankovic, L.
  • Stankovic, V.

Abstract

The availability of smart metering and smart appliances enables detecting and characterising appliance use in a household, quantifying energy savings through efficient appliance use and predicting appliance-specific demand from load measurements is possible. With growing electric kettle ownership and usage, lack of any efficiency labelling guidelines for the kettle, slow technological progress in improving kettle efficiency relative to other domestic appliances, and current consumer attitudes, urgent investigation into consumer kettle usage patterns is warranted. From an efficiency point of view, little can be done about the kettle, which is more efficient than other methods of heating water such as the stove top kettle. However, since a majority households use the kettle inefficiently by overfilling, in order to meet energy targets, it is imperative to quantify inefficient usage and predict demand. For the purposes of scalability, we propose tools that depend only on load measurement data for quantifying and visualising kettle usage and energy consumption, assessing energy wastage through overfilling via our proposed electric kettle model, and predicting kettle-specific demand, from which we can estimate potential energy savings in a household and across a housing stock. This is demonstrated using data from a longitudinal study across a sample of 14 UK households for a two-year period.1The open-access REFIT Electrical Load Measurements dataset of the 14 UK households used in this study can be accessed via DOI 10.15129/31da3ece-f902-4e95-a093-e0a9536983c4.1

Suggested Citation

  • Murray, D.M. & Liao, J. & Stankovic, L. & Stankovic, V., 2016. "Understanding usage patterns of electric kettle and energy saving potential," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 231-242.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:171:y:2016:i:c:p:231-242
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.038
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    1. Yilmaz, S. & Majcen, D. & Heidari, M. & Mahmoodi, J. & Brosch, T. & Patel, M.K., 2019. "Analysis of the impact of energy efficiency labelling and potential changes on electricity demand reduction of white goods using a stock model: The case of Switzerland," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 117-132.
    2. Sonia Sandez & Valeria Ibáñez‐Forés & Victoria Pérez‐Belis & Pablo Juan & María D. Bovea, 2023. "Consumer practices regarding the purchase, use, willingness to repair, and disposal of small electric and electronic equipment: A Spanish survey on kettles," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 27(6), pages 1613-1625, December.
    3. Du, Feng & Yue, Hong & Zhang, Jiangfeng, 2023. "Influence of advertisement control to residential energy savings in large networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).
    4. Antoine Durand & Simon Hirzel & Clemens Rohde & Marcel Gebele & Carlos Lopes & Emma Olsson & Robin Barkhausen, 2022. "Electric Kettles: An Assessment of Energy-Saving Potentials for Policy Making in the European Union," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-17, October.
    5. Zhao, Bochao & Ye, Minxiang & Stankovic, Lina & Stankovic, Vladimir, 2020. "Non-intrusive load disaggregation solutions for very low-rate smart meter data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    6. Stankovic, L. & Stankovic, V. & Liao, J. & Wilson, C., 2016. "Measuring the energy intensity of domestic activities from smart meter data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 1565-1580.
    7. Du, Feng & Zhang, Jiangfeng & Li, Hailong & Yan, Jinyue & Galloway, Stuart & Lo, Kwok L., 2016. "Modelling the impact of social network on energy savings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 56-65.
    8. Jia, Kunqi & Guo, Ge & Xiao, Jucheng & Zhou, Huan & Wang, Zhihua & He, Guangyu, 2019. "Data compression approach for the home energy management system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C), pages 643-656.
    9. Liu, Chao & Akintayo, Adedotun & Jiang, Zhanhong & Henze, Gregor P. & Sarkar, Soumik, 2018. "Multivariate exploration of non-intrusive load monitoring via spatiotemporal pattern network," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 1106-1122.
    10. Li, Guannan & Hu, Yunpeng & Chen, Huanxin & Li, Haorong & Hu, Min & Guo, Yabin & Liu, Jiangyan & Sun, Shaobo & Sun, Miao, 2017. "Data partitioning and association mining for identifying VRF energy consumption patterns under various part loads and refrigerant charge conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P1), pages 846-861.
    11. Liu, Bo & Luan, Wenpeng & Yu, Yixin, 2017. "Dynamic time warping based non-intrusive load transient identification," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 634-645.
    12. Ahmadi-Karvigh, Simin & Ghahramani, Ali & Becerik-Gerber, Burcin & Soibelman, Lucio, 2018. "Real-time activity recognition for energy efficiency in buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 146-160.
    13. Rashid, Haroon & Singh, Pushpendra & Stankovic, Vladimir & Stankovic, Lina, 2019. "Can non-intrusive load monitoring be used for identifying an appliance’s anomalous behaviour?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C), pages 796-805.

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