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Unregulated emissions from a gasohol (E5, E15, M5, and M15) fuelled spark ignition engine

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  • Agarwal, Avinash Kumar
  • Shukla, Pravesh Chandra
  • Gupta, Jai Gopal
  • Patel, Chetankumar
  • Prasad, Rajesh Kumar
  • Sharma, Nikhil

Abstract

Gasoline is increasingly blended with primary alcohols globally, in order to ensure energy security and to reduce local and global pollution load. However, no systematic scientific study reporting unregulated emissions from gasohol (gasoline blend with alcohol) fuelled engines has been undertaken by measuring the real-time emissions. To investigate unregulated emissions experimentally, a 4-cylinder, water-cooled, multipoint port fuel injection (MPFI) gasoline engine coupled with an eddy current dynamometer was used. Exhaustive experiments were carried out in this spark ignition (SI) engine, which was fuelled by gasohols (E5, E15, M5 and M15) vis-à-vis baseline gasoline for characterizing regulated and unregulated emissions. A raw exhaust gas emission analyzer was used for regulated emission measurements and a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) emission analyzer was used for unregulated emission measurements. Experiments revealed that formic acid (HCOOH), iso-butane (iso-C4H10), and iso-pentane (iso-C5H12) were present in the exhaust in relatively lower concentration in gasohol blends compared to baseline gasoline. For higher gasohol blends (E15), iso-butane, n-pentane, ethane, toluene, and benzene were present in significantly low concentrations in the exhaust while ethyl alcohol, formaldehyde, propane and iso-butylene emissions were present in relatively higher concentrations in the exhaust. M15 emitted relatively lower concentrations of formic acid, iso-butane, iso-pentane, and benzene, but higher concentrations of methanol, formaldehyde, propane, n-pentane, and toluene compared to other test fuels. Gasohols were ineffective in reducing emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and acetic acid. Acetaldehyde was emitted by gasoline–ethanol blends however it was not detected in the emissions from gasoline and gasoline–methanol blends.

Suggested Citation

  • Agarwal, Avinash Kumar & Shukla, Pravesh Chandra & Gupta, Jai Gopal & Patel, Chetankumar & Prasad, Rajesh Kumar & Sharma, Nikhil, 2015. "Unregulated emissions from a gasohol (E5, E15, M5, and M15) fuelled spark ignition engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 732-741.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:154:y:2015:i:c:p:732-741
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.05.052
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    2. Agarwal, Avinash Kumar & Chandra Shukla, Pravesh & Patel, Chetankumar & Gupta, Jai Gopal & Sharma, Nikhil & Prasad, Rajesh Kumar & Agarwal, Rashmi A., 2016. "Unregulated emissions and health risk potential from biodiesel (KB5, KB20) and methanol blend (M5) fuelled transportation diesel engines," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 283-291.
    3. Wang, Xin & Ge, Yunshan & Zhang, Chuanzhen & Tan, Jianwei & Hao, Lijun & Liu, Jia & Gong, Huiming, 2016. "Effects of engine misfire on regulated, unregulated emissions from a methanol-fueled vehicle and its ozone forming potential," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 187-195.
    4. Gong, Changming & Yu, Jiawei & Wang, Kang & Liu, Jiajun & Huang, Wei & Si, Xiankai & Wei, Fuxing & Liu, Fenghua & Han, Yongqiang, 2018. "Numerical study of plasma produced ozone assisted combustion in a direct injection spark ignition methanol engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 1028-1037.
    5. Gong, Changming & Si, Xiankai & Wang, Kang & Wei, Fuxing & Liu, Fenghua, 2018. "Numerical analysis of carbon monoxide, formaldehyde and unburned methanol emissions with ozone addition from a direct-injection spark-ignition methanol engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 432-442.
    6. Tuan Hoang, Anh & Viet Pham, Van, 2021. "2-Methylfuran (MF) as a potential biofuel: A thorough review on the production pathway from biomass, combustion progress, and application in engines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
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    8. Morganti, Kai & Al-Abdullah, Marwan & Alzubail, Abdullah & Kalghatgi, Gautam & Viollet, Yoann & Head, Robert & Khan, Ahmad & Abdul-Manan, Amir, 2017. "Synergistic engine-fuel technologies for light-duty vehicles: Fuel economy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 1538-1561.

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