IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eco/journ2/2017-06-4.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Oil Revenue, Public Spending, Gross Domestic Product and Employment in Saudi Arabia

Author

Listed:
  • Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb

    (Department of Marketing, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia & Department of Agricultural Economics, Kafr Elsheikh University, Egypt,)

  • Zafar Ahmad Sultan

    (Department of Economics; L.S. College, Muzaffarpur; B.R.A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur; Bihar, India)

  • Haider Mahmood

    (Department of Finance, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.)

Abstract

Saudi Arabia has largest oil production and exports in the world. Oil s revenues form the backbone of the economy and it is also a main source of government revenue which determines the major economic activities in the country. This paper has investigated the relationship between oil revenue and employment level by augmenting two more variables like GDP and public spending for a period 1991-2016. We find that there is a cointegration among oil revenue, GDP, public spending and level of employment in Saudi Arabia. The VECM results show that oil revenue and public spending are causing the level of employment in Saudi Arabia. This study observes that declining oil price and its consequent impact on oil revenue may pose a challenge to the economy unless it diversifies its economic base and reduces its dependence on oil sector. Therefore, we recommend the government to reduce oil dependency to improve employment level.

Suggested Citation

  • Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb & Zafar Ahmad Sultan & Haider Mahmood, 2017. "Oil Revenue, Public Spending, Gross Domestic Product and Employment in Saudi Arabia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 7(6), pages 27-31.
    • Handle: RePEc:eco:journ2:2017-06-4
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/download/5633/3390
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/5633/3390
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hooker, Mark A., 1996. "What happened to the oil price-macroeconomy relationship?," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 38(2), pages 195-213, October.
    2. Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb & Haider Mahmood & Zafar Ahmad Sultan & Nawaz Ahmad, 2017. "Oil Price and Employment Nexus in Saudi Arabia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 7(3), pages 277-281.
    3. Hooker, Mark A., 1996. "This is what happened to the oil price-macroeconomy relationship: Reply," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 38(2), pages 221-222, October.
    4. Dmitry Burakov, 2017. "Oil Prices, Economic Growth and Emigration: An Empirical Study of Transmission Channel," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 7(1), pages 90-98.
    5. Luis Gil-Alana, 2003. "Unemployment and real oil prices in Australia: a fractionally cointegrated approach," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(4), pages 201-204.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Muhammad Alkirom Wildan & Mochamad Ali Imron & Endang Siswati & Siti Rosyafah, 2021. "Macroeconomic Factors Affecting Natural Gas Export Management," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(1), pages 639-644.
    2. Vladimir Pavlovich Klepikov & Vladimir Vladimirovich Klepikov, 2018. "Crude Oil Logistics, Production and Refining in Northern Europe," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 8(5), pages 18-28.
    3. Haider Mahmood & Maham Furqan & Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb & Mahmoud Mohamad Fawaz, 2019. "Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Egypt: Role of Foreign Investment and Trade," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(2), pages 225-228.
    4. Abdulaziz A. Alotaibi, 2019. "Budget Policies During and After the Oil Crisis of 2014: Comparative Analysis of Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Kuwait," International Business Research, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 12(6), pages 23-28, June.
    5. Valeriia Denisova, 2020. "Financial Development and Energy Consumption: Evidence from Germany," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 10(2), pages 35-39.
    6. Dmitry Burakov, 2019. "Oil Hikes, Drugs and Bribes: Do Oil Prices Matter for Crime Rate in Russia?," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(1), pages 84-94.
    7. Sugra Humbatova, 2023. "The Impact of Oil Prices on State Budget Income and Expenses: Case of Azerbaijan," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(1), pages 189-212, January.
    8. Nabil Ahmed Mareai Senan & Haider Mahmood & Sehrish Liaquat, 2018. "Financial Markets and Electricity Consumption Nexus in Saudi Arabia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 8(1), pages 12-16.
    9. Anis Ali, 2021. "Volatility of Oil Prices and Public Spending in Saudi Arabia: Sensitivity and Trend Analysis," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(1), pages 165-172.
    10. Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb & Haider Mahmood, 2020. "Oil Price and Capital Formation Nexus in GCC Countries: Asymmetry Analyses," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 10(6), pages 146-151.
    11. Sugra Humbatova & Afag Huseyn & Natig Gadim-Oglu Hajiyev, 2023. "Impact of Oil Factor on Investment: The Case of Azerbaijan," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(2), pages 129-148, March.
    12. Haider Mahmood & Ahmad M.A. Zamil, 2019. "Oil Price and Slumps Effects on Personal Consumption in Saudi Arabia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(4), pages 12-15.
    13. Mahmood, Haider & Alkhateeb, Tarek Tawfik Yousef & Maalel, Nabil, 2017. "Egyptian Intra Agriculture Trade with Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa Trading Partners: A Gravity Model," MPRA Paper 109145, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    14. Guan, Lu & Zhang, Wei-Wei & Ahmad, Ferhana & Naqvi, Bushra, 2021. "The volatility of natural resource prices and its impact on the economic growth for natural resource-dependent economies: A comparison of oil and gold dependent economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    15. Gaydaa Al-Zohbi & Maura A. E. Pilotti, 2023. "Contradictions about Sustainability: A Case Study of College Students from Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-15, February.
    16. Cordelia Onyinyechi Omodero & Michael Chidiebere Ekwe & John Uzoma Ihendinihu, 2018. "Derivation Funds Management and Economic Development of Nigeria: Evidence From Niger Delta States of Nigeria," International Journal of Financial Research, International Journal of Financial Research, Sciedu Press, vol. 9(2), pages 165-171, April.
    17. Alexander Bass, 2018. "Financial Markets and Electricity Consumption Nexus in Russia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 8(3), pages 82-86.
    18. Haider Mahmood & Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb & Maleeha Mohammed Zaaf Al-Qahtani & Zafrul Allam & Nawaz Ahmad & Maham Furqan, 2020. "Urbanization, Oil Price and Pollution in Saudi Arabia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 10(2), pages 477-482.
    19. Ifeoluwa Adeola Ologunde & Forget Mingiri Kapingura & Kin Sibanda, 2020. "Sustainable Development and Crude Oil Revenue: A Case of Selected Crude Oil-Producing African Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-30, September.
    20. Haider Mahmood & Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb, 2018. "Foreign Direct Investment, Domestic Investment and Oil Price Nexus in Saudi Arabia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 8(4), pages 147-151.
    21. Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb & Nasser Saad Alkahtani & Haider Mahmood, 2018. "Green Human Resource Management, Financial Markets and Pollution Nexus in Saudi Arabia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 8(3), pages 33-36.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb & Haider Mahmood & Zafar Ahmad Sultan & Nawaz Ahmad, 2017. "Oil Price and Employment Nexus in Saudi Arabia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 7(3), pages 277-281.
    2. Fardous Alom, 2014. "Oil Price-Macroeconomic Relationship in Australia and New Zealand: Application of a Hidden Cointegration Technique," Institutions and Economies (formerly known as International Journal of Institutions and Economies), Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, vol. 6(2), pages 105-128, July.
    3. Alom, Fardous, 2011. "Economic Effects of Oil and Food Price Shocks in Asia and Pacific Countries: An Application of SVAR Model," 2011 Conference, August 25-26, 2011, Nelson, New Zealand 115346, New Zealand Agricultural and Resource Economics Society.
    4. Dmitry Burakov, 2019. "Oil Hikes, Drugs and Bribes: Do Oil Prices Matter for Crime Rate in Russia?," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(1), pages 84-94.
    5. Kocaarslan, Baris & Soytas, Mehmet Ali & Soytas, Ugur, 2020. "The asymmetric impact of oil prices, interest rates and oil price uncertainty on unemployment in the US," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    6. Löschel Andreas & Oberndorfer Ulrich, 2009. "Oil and Unemployment in Germany," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, vol. 229(2-3), pages 146-162, April.
    7. Wang, Yudong & Liu, Li & Diao, Xundi & Wu, Chongfeng, 2015. "Forecasting the real prices of crude oil under economic and statistical constraints," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 599-608.
    8. Rebeca Jiménez-Rodríguez, 2004. "Oil Price Shocks: Testing for Non-linearity," CSEF Working Papers 115, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance (CSEF), University of Naples, Italy.
    9. A. Malliaris & Mary Malliaris, 2013. "Are oil, gold and the euro inter-related? Time series and neural network analysis," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 40(1), pages 1-14, January.
    10. Karl Pinno and Apostolos Serletis, 2013. "Oil Price Uncertainty and Industrial Production," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 3).
    11. Alan S. Blinder & Jeremy B. Rudd, 2013. "The Supply-Shock Explanation of the Great Stagflation Revisited," NBER Chapters, in: The Great Inflation: The Rebirth of Modern Central Banking, pages 119-175, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    12. Laure Crusson & Muriel Barlet, 2009. "Quel impact des variations du prix du pétrole sur la croissance française ?," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 188(2), pages 23-41.
    13. LeBlanc, Michael & Chinn, Menzie David, 2004. "Do High Oil Prices Presage Inflation? The Evidence from G-5 Countries," Santa Cruz Department of Economics, Working Paper Series qt4wt4m7hg, Department of Economics, UC Santa Cruz.
    14. Andreopoulos Spyros, 2009. "Oil Matters: Real Input Prices and U.S. Unemployment Revisited," The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, De Gruyter, vol. 9(1), pages 1-31, March.
    15. Filis, George & Degiannakis, Stavros & Floros, Christos, 2011. "Dynamic correlation between stock market and oil prices: The case of oil-importing and oil-exporting countries," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 20(3), pages 152-164, June.
    16. Mehdi Behname, 2013. "The relationship between Market Size, Inflation and Energy," Economic Analysis Working Papers (2002-2010). Atlantic Review of Economics (2011-2016), Colexio de Economistas de A Coruña, Spain and Fundación Una Galicia Moderna, vol. 2, pages 1-1, December.
    17. Babaei Balderlou, Saharnaz & Ebrahimi Torki, Mahyar & Heidari, Hassan, 2013. "تفكيك اثرات منشأ شوك‌هاي نفتي بر همبستگی پویای بین رشد بخش صنعت و معدن و قیمت نفت خام در ایران [Separation of the Effects of Oil Price Shocks Origin on Dynamic Correlation between Growth of Industr," MPRA Paper 79257, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    18. Liu, Xiaojun & Wang, Yunyuan & Du, Wanying & Ma, Yong, 2022. "Economic policy uncertainty, oil price volatility and stock market returns: Evidence from a nonlinear model," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    19. Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Cunado, Juncal & Hatemi-J, Abdulnasser & Gupta, Rangan, 2019. "Oil price-inflation pass-through in the United States over 1871 to 2018: A wavelet coherency analysis," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 51-55.
    20. Lacheheb, Miloud & Sirag, Abdalla, 2019. "Oil price and inflation in Algeria: A nonlinear ARDL approach," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 217-222.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Oil Revenue; Employment; Causality;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C22 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes
    • E24 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity
    • H50 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - General

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eco:journ2:2017-06-4. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Ilhan Ozturk (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.econjournals.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.