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Governing Artificial Intelligence in Europe: Policy Frames, Implementation Gaps, and the Task–Skill–Institution Model

Author

Listed:
  • Mioara Chirita

    (Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania)

  • George Chirita

    (Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania)

Abstract

This study analyses how EU member states formulate and implement national artificial intelligence (AI) policies, investigating the relationships between policy frames, implementation practices and innovation and labor market outcomes. Based on a corpus of national AI strategies of EU member states, we apply Structural Topic Modeling combined with frame analysis to identify dominant discursive orientations and their temporal evolution. The analysis reveals a reconfiguration of priorities: the emphasis on capitalizing on economic opportunities is decreasing, while concerns about governance, compliance and risk management are gaining weight, and the capacity development framework remains relatively stable. We further investigate the extent to which the prevalence of these frames is associated with implementation tools and indicators of innovation performance, including R&D dynamics. In addition, we introduce the Task–Skill–Institution (TSI) model, an integrated conceptual framework that conceptualizes AI-induced labor market vulnerabilities as emergent outcomes of interactions between exposure to automation, skill elasticity, and institutional capacities. The results indicate that cross-national variations in the maturity of AI ecosystems can be partly explained by the gap between strategic discourse and implementation capacity, as well as by systemic configurations that mediate technological impact. The study provides an empirical and conceptual basis for assessing the alignment between discourse, governance, and implementation, and formulates directions for strengthening AI policies in Europe.

Suggested Citation

  • Mioara Chirita & George Chirita, 2026. "Governing Artificial Intelligence in Europe: Policy Frames, Implementation Gaps, and the Task–Skill–Institution Model," Economics and Applied Informatics, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, issue 1, pages 136-144.
    • Handle: RePEc:ddj:fseeai:y:2026:i:1:p:136-144
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.35219/eai15840409584
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mioara Chirita & George Chirita, 2025. "Assessing the Risk of Artificial Intelligence Impact on Decision-Making Automation in Digital Businesses," Economics and Applied Informatics, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, issue 1, pages 211-219.
    2. Margaret E. Roberts & Brandon M. Stewart & Dustin Tingley & Christopher Lucas & Jetson Leder‐Luis & Shana Kushner Gadarian & Bethany Albertson & David G. Rand, 2014. "Structural Topic Models for Open‐Ended Survey Responses," American Journal of Political Science, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 58(4), pages 1064-1082, October.
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