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Forty Acres and a Mule in the 21st Century

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  • William Darity

Abstract

In general, a program of reparations is intended to achieve three objectives: acknowledgment of a grievous injustice, redress for the injustice, and closure of the grievances held by the group subjected to the injustice. Three types of injustices motivate a program of reparations for black Americans: slavery, the nearly century‐long Jim Crow regime following Reconstruction, and ongoing discrimination. Inauguration of a reparations program on behalf of black Americans preferably will be undertaken via legislative action at the federal level, rather than by judicial fiat. Logistical issues addressed in the article include determination of the magnitude of the reparations bill and the criteria to be used to identify those eligible to receive reparations. The present day value of 40 acres and a mule can provide the foundation for the calculation of the magnitude of reparations owed to black Americans.

Suggested Citation

  • William Darity, 2008. "Forty Acres and a Mule in the 21st Century," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 89(3), pages 656-664, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:socsci:v:89:y:2008:i:3:p:656-664
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2008.00555.x
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    1. William Darity Jr & Dania Frank, 2003. "The Economics of Reparations," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 93(2), pages 326-329, May.
    2. William Darity & Jason Dietrich & David K. Guilkey, 2001. "Persistent Advantage or Disadvantage?: Evidence in Support of the Intergenerational Drag Hypothesis," American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 60(2), pages 435-470, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Luke Petach & Daniele Tavani, 2021. "Differential Rates of Return and Racial Wealth Inequality," Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy, Springer, vol. 4(3), pages 115-165, September.
    2. Siddiqi, Arjumand & Jones, Marcella K. & Bruce, Donald J. & Erwin, Paul C., 2016. "Do racial inequities in infant mortality correspond to variations in societal conditions? A study of state-level income inequality in the U.S., 1992–2007," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 49-58.
    3. William Darity & Fenaba R. Addo & Imari Z. Smith, 2021. "A subaltern middle class: The case of the missing “Black bourgeoisie” in America," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 39(3), pages 494-502, July.
    4. William A. Darity, Jr. & Bidisha Lahiri & Dania V. Frank, 2010. "Reparations for African‐Americans as a Transfer Problem: A Cautionary Tale," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 14(2), pages 248-261, May.
    5. Richardson, Eugene T. & Malik, Momin M. & Darity, William A. & Mullen, A. Kirsten & Morse, Michelle E. & Malik, Maya & Maybank, Aletha & Bassett, Mary T. & Farmer, Paul E. & Worden, Lee & Jones, James, 2021. "Reparations for Black American descendants of persons enslaved in the U.S. and their potential impact on SARS-CoV-2 transmission," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).

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