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Enabling Housing Cooperatives: Policy Lessons from Sweden, India and the United States

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  • SUKUMAR GANAPATI

Abstract

Housing cooperatives became active in urban areas in Sweden, India and the United States during the interwar period. Yet, after the second world war, while housing cooperatives grew phenomenally nationwide in Sweden and India, they did not do so in the United States. This article makes a comparative institutional analysis of the evolution of housing cooperatives in these three countries. The analysis reveals that housing cooperatives' relationship with the state and the consequent support structures explain the divergent evolution. Although the relationships between cooperatives and the state evolved over time, they can be characterized as embedded autonomy, overembeddedness and disembeddedness in Sweden, India and the United States respectively. Whereas the consequent support structures for housing cooperatives became well developed in Sweden and India, such structures have been weak in the United States. The article highlights the need for embedded autonomy and the need for supportive structures to enable the growth of housing cooperatives. Résumé Les coopératives de logement sont entrées en activité dans les zones urbaines de Suède, d’Inde et des États‐Unis entre les deux guerres. Or, après le second conflit mondial, elles se sont énormément développées dans toute la Suède et l’Inde, contrairement aux États‐Unis. L’article effectue une analyse institutionnelle comparée de l’évolution des coopératives de logement dans ces trois pays. Ce travail révèle que les rapports de ces coopératives avec l’État et les structures d’accompagnement expliquent la divergence d’évolution. Bien que les relations entre coopératives et État aient changé avec le temps, on peut les qualifier d’autonomie intégrée en Suède, de sur‐intégration en Inde et de sous‐intégration aux États‐Unis. Tandis que les structures d’accompagnement des coopératives de logement se sont épanouies en Suède et en Inde, elles manquent d’ampleur aux États‐Unis. L’article souligne la nécessité d’une autonomie imbriquée et le besoin de structures de soutien pour permettre l’essor des coopératives de logement.

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  • Sukumar Ganapati, 2010. "Enabling Housing Cooperatives: Policy Lessons from Sweden, India and the United States," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(2), pages 365-380, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:34:y:2010:i:2:p:365-380
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00906.x
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