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Does Operational and Financial Hedging Reduce Exposure? Evidence from the U.S. Airline Industry

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Listed:
  • Stephen D. Treanor
  • Betty J. Simkins
  • Daniel A. Rogers
  • David A. Carter

Abstract

We examine the effects of both financial and operational hedging on jet fuel exposure in the U.S. airline industry. Specifically, we investigate two operational hedging strategies: the extent to which airlines operate different aircraft types and the degree to which airlines operate fuel-efficient fleets. We find that both financial and operational hedging are important tools in reducing airline exposure to jet fuel price risk. However, operational hedging strategies appear to be more economically important, which suggests that hedging with derivatives is more likely to be used to “fine-tune” risk exposure, whereas operational choices have a higher order effect on risk exposure.

Suggested Citation

  • Stephen D. Treanor & Betty J. Simkins & Daniel A. Rogers & David A. Carter, 2014. "Does Operational and Financial Hedging Reduce Exposure? Evidence from the U.S. Airline Industry," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 49(1), pages 149-172, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:finrev:v:49:y:2014:i:1:p:149-172
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    Cited by:

    1. Roncoroni, Andrea & Id Brik, Rachid, 2017. "Hedging size risk: Theory and application to the US gas market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 415-437.
    2. Merkert, Rico & Swidan, Hassan, 2019. "Flying with(out) a safety net: Financial hedging in the airline industry," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 206-219.
    3. Gavin Cassar & Joseph Gerakos, 2017. "Do risk management practices work? Evidence from hedge funds," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 22(3), pages 1084-1121, September.
    4. Todd Chou & Vasileios Kosmas & Michele Acciaro & Katharina Renken, 2021. "A Comeback of Wind Power in Shipping: An Economic and Operational Review on the Wind-Assisted Ship Propulsion Technology," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-16, February.
    5. Michael T. Chng & Victor Fang & Vincent Xiang & Hong Feng Zhang, 2017. "Corporate Hedging and the High Idiosyncratic Volatility Low Return Puzzle," International Review of Finance, International Review of Finance Ltd., vol. 17(3), pages 395-425, September.
    6. Turner, Peter A. & Lim, Siew Hoon, 2015. "Hedging jet fuel price risk: The case of U.S. passenger airlines," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 44, pages 54-64.
    7. Richard Friberg & Thomas Seiler, 2021. "Different ways of managing risk as reported in 10‐Ks: A supervised learning approach," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 56(4), pages 773-792, November.
    8. Liu, Jing & Xia, Senmao & Wang, Zhaoxing & Nie, Jiajia & Ameen, Nisreen & Yan, Cheng & Lim, Ming K., 2023. "How to balance economic profits and environmental protection: The impacts of cash hedging on remanufacturing firms," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    9. Ekaterina E. Emm & Gerald D. Gay & Honglin Ren, 2019. "Corporate risk exposures, disclosure, and derivatives use: A longitudinal study," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(7), pages 838-864, July.
    10. Philip G. Gayle & Ying Lin, 2021. "Cost Pass‐Through In Commercial Aviation: Theory And Evidence," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 59(2), pages 803-828, April.
    11. César Augusto Giraldo-Prietoa & Gabriel Jaime González Uribe & Cristhian Vesga Bermejo & Diana Carolina Ferreira Herrera, 2017. "Financial hedging with derivatives and its impact on the Colombian market value for listed companies," Contaduría y Administración, Accounting and Management, vol. 62(5), pages 19-20, Diciembre.
    12. Fang, Yiwei & Kang, Sang Baum & Lu, You, 2023. "Promoting financial stability of oil producers: Operational vs. financial hedging," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    13. Swidan, Hassan & Merkert, Rico, 2019. "The relative effect of operational hedging on airline operating costs," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 70-77.
    14. Jiaqi Jiang & Yun Feng, 2023. "Optimal hedging in the presence of internal flexibility," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(4), pages 4557-4571, October.
    15. Shao, Lili & Shao, Jun & Sun, Zheng & Xu, Huaxin, 2019. "Hedging, speculation, and risk management effect of commodity futures: Evidence from firm voluntary disclosures," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    16. Bai, Xiwen & Cheng, Liangqi & Iris, Çağatay, 2022. "Data-driven financial and operational risk management: Empirical evidence from the global tramp shipping industry," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    17. Carter, David A. & Rogers, Daniel A. & Simkins, Betty J. & Treanor, Stephen D., 2017. "A review of the literature on commodity risk management," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 8(C), pages 1-17.
    18. Zhen-Jia-Liu, 2021. "Effect Of Fuel Price Volatility On Real Activities Earnings Management In Airlines Related To Fuel Price Hedging," Economics and Management, Faculty of Economics, SOUTH-WEST UNIVERSITY "NEOFIT RILSKI", BLAGOEVGRAD, vol. 18(1), pages 33-53.
    19. Dinçer, Hasan & Hacıoğlu, Ümit & Yüksel, Serhat, 2017. "Balanced scorecard based performance measurement of European airlines using a hybrid multicriteria decision making approach under the fuzzy environment," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 17-33.
    20. Hu, Rong & Xiao, Yi-bin & Jiang, Changmin, 2018. "Jet fuel hedging, operational fuel efficiency improvement and carbon tax," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 103-123.
    21. Annette Hofmann & Nicos A. Scordis, 2018. "Challenges in Applying Risk Management Concepts in Practice: A Perspective," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 21(2), pages 309-333, September.
    22. Richard Friberg & Isak Trygg Kupersmidt, 2023. "Hedging to market‐wide shocks and competitive selection," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(2), pages 450-466, April.
    23. Wang, Huabing & Gao, Xiang, 2020. "Oil price dynamics and airline earnings predictability," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).

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