Integrating Metaverse Technologies in Manufacturing: A Case-Informed Conceptual Framework and Future Directions

The convergence of metaverse technologies with manufacturing marks a significant evolution in industrial transformation, enabling immersive, interconnected and data-driven production environments. This study aims to develop and validate a conceptual framework that captures the integration of metaverse components- such as digital twins, extended reality (XR), real-time data exchange and decentralised systems- within smart manufacturing ecosystems. The research seeks to clarify how these technologies contribute to operational efficiency, human-machine collaboration and value co-creation. To achieve this, the study employs a qualitative methodology comprising two main approaches: (1) a systematic synthesis of peer-reviewed literature and industrial reports to identify critical themes and theoretical constructs and (2) in-depth case study analysis of three global manufacturing leaders- Siemens AG, Hyundai Motor Company and Foxconn Technology Group. These firms were selected for their public and documented advancements in implementing industrial metaverse technologies. The findings coalesce into a four-dimensional conceptual framework encompassing technological infrastructure, organisational capabilities, human-machine interaction and value co-creation. The case studies demonstrate how each firm embodies these dimensions: Siemens leverages digital twins for real-time simulation and operational optimisation; Hyundai employs XR for workforce training and remote monitoring and Foxconn integrates immersive interfaces and blockchain to enhance collaboration and transparency. Together, these case studies validate the framework’s relevance and practical applicability. The paper concludes by proposing a research agenda focused on theoretical development, standardisation, socio-technical adaptation and evaluation metrics. These directions aim to guide future inquiry and inform strategic implementation. The study contributes both a structured understanding and actionable insights for academics, practitioners and policymakers navigating the evolving industrial metaverse.