IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bdu/ojijfa/v8y2023i2p1-23id2026.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Profitability, Leverage, Efficiency and Financial Distress in Commercial and Manufacturing State Corporations in Kenya

Author

Listed:
  • Peter Njoroge Kibe

  • Dr. Lucy Wamugo (PhD)

  • Gerald Atheru

Abstract

Purpose: The major goal was to investigate effect of profitability, leverage, and efficiency on financial distress in Kenya's State Corporations in the commercial and manufacturing sector. The study also attempted to determine moderating effect of size on relationship between profitability, leverage, efficiency, and financial distress in Kenyan Commercial and Manufacturing Corporations. Methodology: Positivist philosophy and explanatory non-experimental research approach were used in this investigation. The study's population consisted of 25 State Corporations in Kenya in Commercial and manufacturing category. For the purposes of this study, a census of all 25 Commercial and Manufacturing Corporations was employed in study. Secondary data from audited accounts of state corporations for period 2015-2020 was used in analysis. Binary logistic regression was used in analysis. Diagnostics tests included multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, likelihood ratio and autocorrelation tests. STATA statistical software was used to analyse data. Findings were presented using tables. Findings: The research outcomes indicated that profitability had significant effect on financial distress of commercial and manufacturing state corporations. Results also indicated that leverage had insignificant effect on financial distress. Efficiency also had significant effect on financial distress. The study adopted the product term interaction model approach in testing moderating effect of firm size on relationship between profitability, leverage and efficiency on financial distress. There was evidence showing that firm size significantly moderated the relationship between efficiency and financial distress in commercial and manufacturing state corporations in Kenya. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study relied on Agency, Stewardship, Efficiency, Pecking-order and Trade-off theories.The results indicated that profitability and efficiency variables are useful to management, those charged with governance and users of financial statement information in detection and mitigation of financial distress. The management and users of financial statements information should pay attention particularly to profitability and efficiency ratios. Findings are also useful to the government by providing an insight of distressed firms so that the exchequer can know and make prudence decision on the distressed state corporations that require financial bailouts. Lastly, this study adds a contribution to the limited literatures on financial distress in commercial and manufacturing state corporations in Kenya.

Suggested Citation

  • Peter Njoroge Kibe & Dr. Lucy Wamugo (PhD) & Gerald Atheru, 2023. "Profitability, Leverage, Efficiency and Financial Distress in Commercial and Manufacturing State Corporations in Kenya," International Journal of Finance and Accounting, IPRJB, vol. 8(2), pages 1-23.
    • Handle: RePEc:bdu:ojijfa:v:8:y:2023:i:2:p:1-23:id:2026
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://iprjb.org/journals/IJFA/article/view/2026
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Opler, Tim C & Titman, Sheridan, 1994. "Financial Distress and Corporate Performance," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 49(3), pages 1015-1040, July.
    2. James H. Stock & Mark W. Watson, 2008. "Heteroskedasticity-Robust Standard Errors for Fixed Effects Panel Data Regression," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 76(1), pages 155-174, January.
    3. Erum Toor & Tanweer Ul Islam, 2019. "Power Comparison of Autocorrelation Tests in Dynamic Models," International Econometric Review (IER), Econometric Research Association, vol. 11(2), pages 58-69, September.
    4. Ang, Andrew & Longstaff, Francis A., 2013. "Systemic sovereign credit risk: Lessons from the U.S. and Europe," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(5), pages 493-510.
    5. Amna Muhammad Shafi Azad & Ali Raza & Syed Shahid Zaheer Zaidi, 2018. "Empirical Relationship between Operational Efficiency and Profitability (Evidence from Pakistan Exploration Sector)," Journal of Accounting, Business and Finance Research, Scientific Publishing Institute, vol. 2(1), pages 7-11.
    6. Amna Muhammad Shafi Azad & Ali Raza & Syed Shahid Zaheer Zaidi, 2018. "Empirical Relationship between Operational Efficiency and Profitability (Evidence from Pakistan Exploration Sector)," Journal of Accounting, Business and Finance Research, Scientific Publishing Institute, vol. 2(1), pages 7-11.
    7. Jensen, Michael C. & Meckling, William H., 1976. "Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 305-360, October.
    8. Zacharias Sautner & Vladimir Vladimirov, 2018. "Indirect Costs of Financial Distress and Bankruptcy Law: Evidence from Trade Credit and Sales [Bankruptcy codes and innovations]," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 22(5), pages 1667-1704.
    9. repec:eme:mfppss:mf-06-2020-0332 is not listed on IDEAS
    10. Tom Wansbeek & Erik Meijer, 2007. "Comments on: Panel data analysis—advantages and challenges," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 16(1), pages 33-36, May.
    11. Amna Muhammad Shafi Azad & Ali Raza & Syed Shahid Zaheer Zaidi, 2018. "Empirical Relationship between Operational Efficiency and Profitability (Evidence from Pakistan Exploration Sector)," International Journal of Emerging Trends in Social Sciences, Scientific Publishing Institute, vol. 2(1), pages 7-11.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Tan Ke Wen, Carmen, 2025. "Study on National Industrialization Co. In Saudi Arabia: Operational Efficiency and Its Determinants from 2013 to 2023," MPRA Paper 123238, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Alessandro Gambini & Alberto Zazzaro, 2013. "Long-lasting bank relationships and growth of firms," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 40(4), pages 977-1007, May.
    3. Kim, Sang-Joon & Bae, John & Oh, Hannah, 2019. "Financing strategically: The moderation effect of marketing activities on the bifurcated relationship between debt level and firm valuation of small and medium enterprises," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 663-681.
    4. El Ghoul, Sadok & Guedhami, Omrane & Kwok, Chuck C.Y. & Zheng, Ying, 2019. "Collectivism and the costs of high leverage," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 227-245.
    5. Opler, Tim & Pinkowitz, Lee & Stulz, Rene & Williamson, Rohan, 1999. "The determinants and implications of corporate cash holdings," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 52(1), pages 3-46, April.
    6. Hall, Bronwyn, 2002. "The Financing of Research and Development," Department of Economics, Working Paper Series qt5rf0x9gz, Department of Economics, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley.
    7. Campos, Javier & Carrasco, Raquel & Requejo, Alejandro, 2003. "Legal form and risk exposure in Spanish firms," MPRA Paper 103405, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2002.
    8. Vojislav Maksimovic & Gordon Phillips, 2005. "The Industry Life Cycle and Acquisitions and Investment: Does Firm Organization Matter?," Working Papers 05-29, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    9. Corina Burunciuc & Halit Gonenc, 2020. "Reforms Protecting Minority Shareholders and Firm Performance: International Evidence," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-24, December.
    10. Buchetti, Bruno & Miquel-Flores, Ixart & Perdichizzi, Salvatore & Reghezza, Alessio & Lin, Luca X., 2024. "Loan guarantee and portfolio greening: evidence from European credit registers," Working Paper Series 2916, European Central Bank.
    11. A. Jorge Padilla & Alejandro Requejo, 1999. "Conflicts of Interest, Employment Decisions, and Debt Restructuring: Evidence from Spanish Firms in Financial Distress," Working Papers wp1999_9910, CEMFI.
    12. Malliaropulos, Dimitris & Migiakis, Petros, 2018. "The re-pricing of sovereign risks following the Global Financial Crisis," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 39-56.
    13. Jang, SooCheong (Shawn), 2011. "Growth-focused or profit-focused firms: Transitions toward profitable growth," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 667-674.
    14. Bronwyn Hall, 2004. "The financing of research and development," Chapters, in: Anthony Bartzokas & Sunil Mani (ed.), Financial Systems, Corporate Investment in Innovation, and Venture Capital, chapter 2, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    15. Sjur Westgaard & Amund Eidet & Stein Frydenberg & Thor Christian Grosås, 2008. "Investigating the Capital Structure of UK Real Estate Companies," Journal of Property Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(1), pages 61-87, August.
    16. Bamiatzi, Vassiliki & Efthyvoulou, Georgios & Jabbour, Liza, 2017. "Foreign vs domestic ownership on debt reduction: An investigation of acquisition targets in Italy and Spain," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 26(5), pages 801-815.
    17. Mafumbate J & Ndlovu U & Mafuka A & Gavhure P, 2017. "The Influence of Firm Specific Determinants on Financial Performance in the Power Industry," Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, AMH International, vol. 9(5), pages 18-28.
    18. Rogers, Robert P., 2013. "Bankruptcy and steel plant shutdowns," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 53(2), pages 165-174.
    19. Cumming, Douglas & Lu, Fanyu & Xu, Limin & Yu, Chia-Feng (Jeffrey), 2025. "Does stakeholder orientation mitigate shareholder-employee conflicts? Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    20. Chen, Yenn-Ru & Jiang, Xiaoquan & Weng, Chia-Hsiang, 2020. "Can government industrial policy enhance corporate bidding? The evidence of China," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bdu:ojijfa:v:8:y:2023:i:2:p:1-23:id:2026. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Chief Editor (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://iprjb.org/journals/IJFA/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.