Effectiveness of Clustering Water Utilities on Water Service Delivery Case Study in Iringa Water Supply and Sanitation Authority (IRUWASA)

Reliable and high-quality water service provision is essential for public health, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. However, urban and peri-urban water utilities face significant challenges, including inefficiencies, fragmented service delivery, and limited capacity. This study explores the effectiveness of clustering water utilities in enhancing service delivery, focusing on the Iringa Water Supply and Sanitation Authority (IRUWASA) in Tanzania. Although clustering has been proposed as a solution, empirical evidence on its impact, particularly on institutional capacity, water quality, and customer satisfaction, remains limited. The objective of this study is to evaluate how clustering can improve water service delivery by analyzing operational data, governance structures, and customer feedback within IRUWASA’s expanded service areas. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from IRUWASA staff, community leaders, and service users to measure performance metrics such as operational efficiency, cost recovery, and customer satisfaction. Findings indicate that clustering has contributed to operational improvements, expanded service coverage, and better water quality. However, financial sustainability remains a concern, as revenues from the newly clustered zones do not fully meet the operation and maintenance costs. The study recommends additional strategies, including targeted subsidies and capacity-building initiatives, to support the long-term success of clustering. The research provides practical insights for policymakers and water utility managers, suggesting that while clustering can enhance service delivery, complementary measures are necessary to sustain its benefits. These findings contribute to the broader field of urban water management and provide a basis for further exploration of clustering as a model for water utility reform.