Proximité et localisation

The objective of this article is to pave the way for an analysis of the relations between proximity and localization. (I) We distinguish two types of proximity (geographical proximity and organized proximity) and propose a grid of analysis of the main models of geographic organization of activities by articulating both types of proximity. We then introduce the phenomenon of tension between geographical proximity and organized proximity. (II) Organized proximity offers powerful mechanisms of longdistance coordination which constitute the foundation of the increasing geographic development of socio- economic interactions. (III) We then show that there is a disjunction between the need for geographical proximity and co-localization of actors, by introducing professional mobility and temporary geographical proximity. We also emphasize the ability of big organizations to manage their presence in different whereas smaller organizations are more constrained by fixed co-localizations which are only needed for certain phases of their interactions. (IV) Finally, we raise the question of the negative effects of geographical proximity. In the case of limited support- goods, geographical proximity creates tensions between the actors who use them and tends to damage the local relations. In this case geographical proximity plays against organized proximity. However the negative externalities of geographical proximity can be limited by integrating them within organizations or institutions, that is through a re- composed organized proximity.