Analysis of the Historical Temperature of Different Cities of Pakistan to Determine the Trends and Shift in Temperature

Antrhopogenic activities are responsible for exponential increase in temperature in recent dacades. To examine this variation, data from 30 meteorological stations in Pakistan's largest cities were examined to determine the annual average and highesttemperatures between 1981and 2020. A combination of parametric and non-parametric tests, including Sen's slope estimator, the Mann-Kendall trend test, and linear regression, were utilized for the analysis.NASA Power Data Access Viewer provides historical climatic datasets which are reliable and provide promising results.We extracted historical footprints of climatic data from NASA website and mapped the trends.About 90% of the meterologicalstations had rising annual temperature trends, whereas 10% had declining trends. The average annual temperature increased by 0.49 °C per decade inGilgit, Hyderabad, Quetta, and Lasbela, which was the largest rate of change. Chitral, Gilgit, Nawabshah, and Quetta experienced the biggestincreaseinannual temperature that was0.34°C per decade. Various indicators e.g.,simple linear regression and the Mann-Kendall test, respectively, revealed that the yearly average temperature was rising at a 0.001 % (at the 0.06level). Annual temperatures were increasing at 27stations and 23stations were experiencing0.002level of significance (at the 0.06level). Overall, the findings indicated that all climaticparameters were increasing, but during the study period, the annual average temperature was increasing more quickly than the annual maximum temperature.