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The Influence of Social Pressure and Nationality on Individual Decisions: Evidence from the Behaviour of Referees

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Author Info
Peter Dawson () (Department of Economics and International Development, University of Bath)
Stephen Dobson () (Nottingham Trent University)

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Abstract

This study considers the influences on agents’ decisions in an international context. Using data from five seasons of European cup matches it is found that football referees favour home teams when awarding yellow and red cards. Previous research on referee decisions in national leagues has identified social pressure as a key reason for favouritism. While social pressure is also found to be an important influence in this study, the international context reveals that referee decisions are also influenced by the nationality of the referee and club, and the reputation of the league.

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File URL: http://www.holycross.edu/departments/economics/RePEc/spe/DawsonDobson_Referees.pdf
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Publisher Info
Paper provided by International Association of Sports Economists in its series Working Papers with number 0809.

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Length: 27 pages
Date of creation: Aug 2008
Date of revision:
Handle: RePEc:spe:wpaper:0809

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Web page: http://www.cdes.fr/index.php?id=fr69
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Related research
Keywords: social pressure; decision-making; referee behaviour; home bias; football;

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Find related papers by JEL classification:
D81 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
L83 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Services - - - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism

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  1. Ignacio Palacios-Huerta, 2003. "Professionals Play Minimax," Review of Economic Studies, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 70(2), pages 395-415, 04. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  2. Rickman, Neil & Witt, Robert, 2005. "Favouritism and Financial Incentives: A Natural Experiment," CEPR Discussion Papers 4968, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  3. Luis Garicano & Ignacio Palacios-Huerta & Canice Prendergast, 2005. "Favoritism Under Social Pressure," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 87(2), pages 208-216, 05. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  4. Babatunde Buraimo & David Forrest & Robert Simmons, 2007. "The Twelfth Man? Refereeing Bias in English and German Soccer," Working Papers 0707, International Association of Sports Economists. [Downloadable!]
  5. George A. Akerlof, 1997. "Social Distance and Social Decisions," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 65(5), pages 1005-1028, September.
  6. Joseph Price & Justin Wolfers, 2007. "Racial Discrimination Among NBA Referees," IZA Discussion Papers 2863, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
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  7. Sutter, Matthias & Kocher, Martin G., 2004. "Favoritism of agents - The case of referees' home bias," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 25(4), pages 461-469, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  8. P.-A. Chiappori & S. Levitt & T. Groseclose, 2002. "Testing Mixed-Strategy Equilibria When Players Are Heterogeneous: The Case of Penalty Kicks in Soccer," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 92(4), pages 1138-1151, September. [Downloadable!]
  9. Thomas J. Dohmen, 2008. "The Influence Of Social Forces: Evidence From The Behavior Of Football Referees," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 46(3), pages 411-424, 07. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. Clement, Robert C & McCormick, Robert E, 1989. "Coaching Team Production," Economic Inquiry, Oxford University Press, vol. 27(2), pages 287-304, April.
  11. George A. Akerlof & Rachel E. Kranton, 2000. "Economics And Identity," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 115(3), pages 715-753, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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