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Ethnicity and Earnings in Urban Peru

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Author Info
Ñopo, Hugo () (Middlebury College, GRADE and IZA Bonn)
Saavedra, Jaime (World Bank, GRADE)
Torero, Maximo (IFPRI, GRADE)

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Abstract

In this paper we study the relationship between ethnic exclusion and earnings in Urban Peru. Our approach to the concept of ethnicity involves the usage of instruments in many of its several dimensions: mother tongue, parental background, religion, migration events and race. In order to approximate what can be called racial differences in a context like the Peruvian in which “racial mixture” is the main characteristic of the population, we use a scorebased procedure to capture both the differences and the mixtures. By means of this procedure each individual is assigned intensities by pollsters in each of the four categories that correspond to the most easily recognized distinct racial groups in the Peruvian society: Asiatic, White, Indigenous, and Black. We find that the multidimensional race indicator is correlated with several human capital and physical capital assets, as well as with access to public services. Using an extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca (B-O) decompositions to allow comparisons among infinitely many groups, we find that a substantial part of the earnings differences between racial groups cannot be explained by differences in individual characteristics. The results suggests that among wage earners after controlling for a large set of characteristics, there are racially related earnings differences in favor of predominantly White individuals. In the case of the self-employed, none of the empirical distributions of earning differences attributable to race is substantially above zero.

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Publisher Info
Paper provided by Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in its series IZA Discussion Papers with number 980.

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Length: 24 pages
Date of creation: Jan 2004
Date of revision:
Handle: RePEc:iza:izadps:dp980

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Related research
Keywords: race discrimination; minorities; wage differentials; semi-parametric;

Other versions of this item:

Find related papers by JEL classification:
J15 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination
J31 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
J71 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination - - - Hiring and Firing

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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
  1. Ronald Oaxaca, . "Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets," Working Papers 396, Princeton University, Department of Economics, Industrial Relations Section.. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  2. Horowitz, Joel L., 2001. "The Bootstrap," Handbook of Econometrics, in: J.J. Heckman & E.E. Leamer (ed.), Handbook of Econometrics, edition 1, volume 5, chapter 52, pages 3159-3228 Elsevier. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Chiswick, Barry R, 1988. "Differences in Education and Earnings across Racial and Ethnic Groups: Tastes, Discrimination, and Investments in Child Quality," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 103(3), pages 571-97, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Robert Barsky & John Bound & Kerwin Charles & Joseph Lupton, 2001. "Accounting for the Black-White Wealth Gap: A Nonparametric Approach," NBER Working Papers 8466, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  5. Ruthanne Deutsch & Andrew Morrison & Hugo Nopo & Claudia Piras, 2005. "Working Within Confines: Occupational Segregation By Sex For Three Latin American Countries," Icfai University Journal of Applied Economics, Icfai Press, vol. 0(3), pages 50-59, May.
  6. DiNardo, John & Fortin, Nicole M & Lemieux, Thomas, 1996. "Labor Market Institutions and the Distribution of Wages, 1973-1992: A Semiparametric Approach," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 64(5), pages 1001-44, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  7. Robinson, Peter M, 1988. "Root- N-Consistent Semiparametric Regression," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 56(4), pages 931-54, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Hugo Nopo, 2009. "The Gender Wage Gap in Peru 1986-2000: Evidence from a Matching Comparisons Approach," RES Working Papers 4618, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  9. Oaxaca, Ronald L. & Ransom, Michael R., 1994. "On discrimination and the decomposition of wage differentials," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 61(1), pages 5-21, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. Darity, William A, Jr & Mason, Patrick L, 1998. "Evidence on Discrimination in Employment: Codes of Color, Codes of Gender," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 12(2), pages 63-90, Spring. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  11. Scalera, Domenico & Zazzaro, Alberto, 2001. "Group reputation and persistent (or permanent) discrimination in credit markets," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 11(4-5), pages 483-496, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
Full references

Cited by:
(explanations, Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.)

  1. Máximo Torero & Marco Castillo & Ragan Petrie, 2008. "Ethnic and Social Barriers to Cooperation: Experiments Studying the Extent and Nature of Discrimination in Urban Peru," RES Working Papers 3246, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department. [Downloadable!]
  2. Hugo Nopo & Martin Moreno & Jaime Saavedra & Maximo Torero, 2004. "Gender and Racial Discrimination in Hiring: A Pseudo Audit Study for Three Selected Occupations in Metropolitan Lima," Middlebury College Working Paper Series 0404, Middlebury College, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  3. Lourdes Gallardo & Hugo Nopo, 2009. "Ethnic and Gender Wage Gaps in Ecuador," RES Working Papers 4625, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department. [Downloadable!]
  4. Hugo Ñopo, 2007. "An Extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition to a Continuum of Comparison Groups," IZA Discussion Papers 2921, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  5. Alberto Alesina & Eliana La Ferrara, 2004. "Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance," Development Working Papers 193, Centro Studi Luca d\'Agliano, University of Milano. [Downloadable!]
  6. Alberto Alesina & Eliana La Ferrara, 2004. "Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance," NBER Working Papers 10313, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  7. repec:dia:wpaper:dt200517 is not listed on IDEAS
  8. Hugo Ñopo & Patricio Valenzuela, 2007. "Becoming an Entrepreneur," IZA Discussion Papers 2716, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
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