IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jfamec/v45y2024i1d10.1007_s10834-023-09901-3.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Gender Wage Gap Among Couples and the Role of Parenthood Across the Wage Distribution in Turkey

Author

Listed:
  • Ebru Caglayan-Akay

    (Marmara University)

  • Fulden Komuryakan

    (Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University)

Abstract

The gender wage gap and the penalty of parenthood on wages are still major economic and sociological problems, especially in developing economies. This study aims to fill the void in the literature by analyzing the gender wage gap among couples and the role of parenthood across the unconditional wage distribution in the Turkish labor force. In accordance, 1198 families which include working-married-couples with and without children from the Turkish Household Budget Statistics survey data for 2018 are examined via unconditional quantile regression and decomposition methods. The findings provide insights into three problems of the labor force gender wage gap among couples, the role of parenthood on wages, and the variation of them across the wage distribution. The findings reveal a gender wage gap among couples and the gap is wider for the lower-paid employees. Lower-paid females face a wider motherhood wage penalty whereas fatherhood is mostly insignificant on the males' wages. However, interestingly, fatherhood becomes a significant wage penalty for the highest-paid males.

Suggested Citation

  • Ebru Caglayan-Akay & Fulden Komuryakan, 2024. "Gender Wage Gap Among Couples and the Role of Parenthood Across the Wage Distribution in Turkey," Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Springer, vol. 45(1), pages 21-34, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:jfamec:v:45:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1007_s10834-023-09901-3
    DOI: 10.1007/s10834-023-09901-3
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10834-023-09901-3
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s10834-023-09901-3?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Deborah J. Anderson & Melissa Binder & Kate Krause, 2002. "The Motherhood Wage Penalty: Which Mothers Pay It and Why?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 92(2), pages 354-358, May.
    2. Mincer, Jacob & Polachek, Solomon, 1974. "Family Investment in Human Capital: Earnings of Women," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 82(2), pages 76-108, Part II, .
    3. Selahattin Güriş & Ebru Çağlayan, 2012. "Returns to education and wages in Turkey: robust and resistant regression," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 46(5), pages 1407-1416, August.
    4. Alan S. Blinder, 1973. "Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 8(4), pages 436-455.
    5. Shelly Lundberg & Elaina Rose, 2002. "The Effects Of Sons And Daughters On Men'S Labor Supply And Wages," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 84(2), pages 251-268, May.
    6. Tansel, Aysit, 2002. "Determinants of school attainment of boys and girls in Turkey: individual, household and community factors," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 21(5), pages 455-470, October.
    7. Lundberg, Shelly & Rose, Elaina, 2000. "Parenthood and the earnings of married men and women," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 7(6), pages 689-710, November.
    8. Sergio Firpo & Nicole M. Fortin & Thomas Lemieux, 2009. "Unconditional Quantile Regressions," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 77(3), pages 953-973, May.
    9. Jane Waldfogel, 1998. "Understanding the "Family Gap" in Pay for Women with Children," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 12(1), pages 137-156, Winter.
    10. Rebecca Glauber, 2018. "Trends in the Motherhood Wage Penalty and Fatherhood Wage Premium for Low, Middle, and High Earners," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 55(5), pages 1663-1680, October.
    11. Heckman, James, 2013. "Sample selection bias as a specification error," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 31(3), pages 129-137.
    12. Susan Harkness & Jane Waldfogel, 1999. "The Family Gap in Pay: Evidence from Seven Industrialised Countries," CASE Papers 030, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, LSE.
    13. Jane Waldfogel & Susan Harkness, 1999. "The Family Gap in Pay: Evidence from Seven Industrialized Countries," LIS Working papers 219, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.
    14. MacKinnon, James G. & White, Halbert, 1985. "Some heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimators with improved finite sample properties," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 29(3), pages 305-325, September.
    15. Sergio P. Firpo & Nicole M. Fortin & Thomas Lemieux, 2018. "Decomposing Wage Distributions Using Recentered Influence Function Regressions," Econometrics, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-40, May.
    16. Fernando Rios-Avila, 2020. "Recentered influence functions (RIFs) in Stata: RIF regression and RIF decomposition," Stata Journal, StataCorp LP, vol. 20(1), pages 51-94, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kunze, Astrid, 2014. "The family gap in career progression," Discussion Paper Series in Economics 29/2014, Norwegian School of Economics, Department of Economics.
    2. Felfe, Christina, 2012. "The motherhood wage gap: What about job amenities?," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 19(1), pages 59-67.
    3. Ina GANGULI & Ricardo HAUSMANN & Martina VIARENGO, 2014. "Closing the gender gap in education: What is the state of gaps in labour force participation for women, wives and mothers?," International Labour Review, International Labour Organization, vol. 153(2), pages 173-207, June.
    4. Arnaud Dupuy & Daniel Fernandez-Kranz, 2011. "International differences in the family gap in pay: the role of labour market institutions," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(4), pages 413-438.
    5. Ewa Cukrowska & Anna Lovasz, 2014. "Are children driving the gender wage gap? Comparative evidence from Poland and Hungary," Working Papers 2014-16, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw.
    6. Sara Cools & Marte Strøm, 2016. "Parenthood wage penalties in a double income society," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 14(2), pages 391-416, June.
    7. Eunhye Kwak, 2022. "The emergence of the motherhood premium: recent trends in the motherhood wage gap across the wage distribution," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 20(4), pages 1323-1343, December.
    8. Molina, José Alberto & Montuenga, Víctor M., 2008. "The Motherhood Wage Penalty in a Mediterranean Country: The Case of Spain," IZA Discussion Papers 3574, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    9. Hansen, Henrik & Rand, John & Win, Ngu Wah, 2022. "The gender wage gap in Myanmar: Adding insult to injury?," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    10. Soliz Cuevas, Erika Tatiana, 2022. "Penalidad salarial por maternidad: Análisis del efecto de los hijos sobre los ingresos laborales de las mujeres bolivianas del área urbana," Documentos de trabajo 2/2022, Instituto de Investigaciones Socio-Económicas (IISEC), Universidad Católica Boliviana.
    11. Christopher F. Baum & Hans Lööf & Andreas Stephan & Klaus F. Zimmermann, 2018. "Estimating the wage premia of refugee immigrants: Lessons from Sweden," Boston College Working Papers in Economics 963, Boston College Department of Economics, revised 22 Feb 2024.
    12. Van Phan & Carl Singleton & Alex Bryson & John Forth & Felix Ritchie & Lucy Stokes & Damian Whittard, 2022. "Accounting for firms in ethnicity wage gaps throughout the earnings distribution," DoQSS Working Papers 22-03, Quantitative Social Science - UCL Social Research Institute, University College London.
    13. Luis Gamboa & Blanca Zuluaga, 2013. "Is There a Motherhood Penalty? Decomposing the Family Wage Gap in Colombia," Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Springer, vol. 34(4), pages 421-434, December.
    14. Stefanie Schurer & Daniel Kuehnle & Anthony Scott & Terence Chai Cheng, 2012. "One Man's Blessing, Another Woman's Curse? Family Factors and the Gender-Earnings Gap of Doctors," Melbourne Institute Working Paper Series wp2012n24, Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, The University of Melbourne.
    15. Hirvonen, Lalaina, 2009. "The Effect of Children on Earnings Using Exogenous Variation in Family Size: Swedish Evidence," Working Paper Series 2/2009, Stockholm University, Swedish Institute for Social Research.
    16. Cadsby, C. Bram & Servátka, Maroš & Song, Fei, 2013. "How competitive are female professionals? A tale of identity conflict," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 284-303.
    17. Gafni Dalit & Siniver Erez, 2015. "Is There a Motherhood Wage Penalty for Highly Skilled Women?," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 15(3), pages 1353-1380, July.
    18. Ainhoa Herrarte & Paloma Urcelay, 2022. "The Wage Penalty for Motherhood in Spain (2009-2017): The Role of the Male Partner’s Job Characteristic," Hacienda Pública Española / Review of Public Economics, IEF, vol. 241(2), pages 27-57, June.
    19. Carole Bonnet & Benoît Rapoport, 2020. "Is There a Child Penalty in Pensions? The Role of Caregiver Credits in the French Retirement System," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 36(1), pages 27-52, March.
    20. Roshchin, Sergey & Yemelina, Natalya, 2021. "Gender wage gap decomposition methods: Comparative analysis," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 62, pages 5-31.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Gender wage gap; Parenthood; Wage distribution; Unconditional quantile regression; Decomposition; Turkey;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J31 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
    • C21 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:kap:jfamec:v:45:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1007_s10834-023-09901-3. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.