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The feasible onshore wind energy potential in Baden-Württemberg: A bottom-up methodology considering socio-economic constraints

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  • Jäger, Tobias
  • McKenna, Russell
  • Fichtner, Wolf

Abstract

Detailed information about the potential and costs of renewable energies is an important input for energy system models as well as for commercial and political decision-making processes. Especially wind energy with its increasing locally installed capacity and hub heights plays an important role when it comes to meeting climate targets and optimizing electricity networks. Recently however, wind energy has faced more and more social barriers and land use constraints which can negatively impact both political goals and investment decisions. Therefore this work presents a bottom-up methodology to estimate these effects by calculating the feasible potential and the associated costs for the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg as a case study. Landscape aesthetical aspects are considered and an algorithm applied based on graph-theoretical considerations to include spatial planning rules such as separation distances between wind farms. By means of spatially high-resolution land use data and techno-economic parameters, possible wind turbines are placed considering wind direction and variable spacing between turbines. In a further step, possible farm sites are located and assessed, and the result is presented in the form of cost-potential curves. The feasible potential is found to be between a third and a half of the technical potential and is between 11.8 and 29.1 TWh, with costs between 6.7 and 12.6 €ct/kWh. In addition, a substantial spatial shift in the location of future wind energy production can be observed when wind farm spacing is taken into account. The quality of the algorithm is tested against already existing wind farms and areas that are approved by regional authorities for the use of wind energy, and a very good correlation is observed. The focus in future work should lie on the development of an economic criterion that, unlike the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), is able to account for the system costs of a widespread wind energy development, including network expansion, balancing power and reserve energy costs. Further, visibility analysis could be implemented using digital elevation models to consider the topography for optimal wind farm spacing.

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  • Jäger, Tobias & McKenna, Russell & Fichtner, Wolf, 2016. "The feasible onshore wind energy potential in Baden-Württemberg: A bottom-up methodology considering socio-economic constraints," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(PA), pages 662-675.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:96:y:2016:i:pa:p:662-675
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.05.013
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    4. Sliz-Szkliniarz, B. & Eberbach, J. & Hoffmann, B. & Fortin, M., 2019. "Assessing the cost of onshore wind development scenarios: Modelling of spatial and temporal distribution of wind power for the case of Poland," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 514-531.
    5. McKenna, R. & Mulalic, I. & Soutar, I. & Weinand, J.M. & Price, J. & Petrović, S. & Mainzer, K., 2022. "Exploring trade-offs between landscape impact, land use and resource quality for onshore variable renewable energy: an application to Great Britain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).
    6. Russell McKenna & Stefan Pfenninger & Heidi Heinrichs & Johannes Schmidt & Iain Staffell & Katharina Gruber & Andrea N. Hahmann & Malte Jansen & Michael Klingler & Natascha Landwehr & Xiaoli Guo Lars', 2021. "Reviewing methods and assumptions for high-resolution large-scale onshore wind energy potential assessments," Papers 2103.09781, arXiv.org.
    7. Unnewehr, Jan Frederick & Jalbout, Eddy & Jung, Christopher & Schindler, Dirk & Weidlich, Anke, 2021. "Getting more with less? Why repowering onshore wind farms does not always lead to more wind power generation – A German case study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 245-257.
    8. Schumacher, K. & Krones, F. & McKenna, R. & Schultmann, F., 2019. "Public acceptance of renewable energies and energy autonomy: A comparative study in the French, German and Swiss Upper Rhine region," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 315-332.
    9. McKenna, Russell & Pfenninger, Stefan & Heinrichs, Heidi & Schmidt, Johannes & Staffell, Iain & Bauer, Christian & Gruber, Katharina & Hahmann, Andrea N. & Jansen, Malte & Klingler, Michael & Landwehr, 2022. "High-resolution large-scale onshore wind energy assessments: A review of potential definitions, methodologies and future research needs," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 659-684.
    10. McKenna, R.C. & Bchini, Q. & Weinand, J.M. & Michaelis, J. & König, S. & Köppel, W. & Fichtner, W., 2018. "The future role of Power-to-Gas in the energy transition: Regional and local techno-economic analyses in Baden-Württemberg," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 386-400.
    11. McKenna, Russell & Weinand, Jann Michael & Mulalic, Ismir & Petrovic, Stefan & Mainzer, Kai & Preis, Tobias & Moat, Helen Susannah, 2020. "Improving renewable energy resource assessments by quantifying landscape beauty," Working Paper Series in Production and Energy 43, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Industrial Production (IIP).
    12. Bahaj, AbuBakr S. & Mahdy, Mostafa & Alghamdi, Abdulsalam S. & Richards, David J., 2020. "New approach to determine the Importance Index for developing offshore wind energy potential sites: Supported by UK and Arabian Peninsula case studies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 441-457.
    13. Höltinger, Stefan & Salak, Boris & Schauppenlehner, Thomas & Scherhaufer, Patrick & Schmidt, Johannes, 2016. "Austria's wind energy potential – A participatory modeling approach to assess socio-political and market acceptance," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 49-61.
    14. Leonie Grau & Christopher Jung & Dirk Schindler, 2017. "On the Annual Cycle of Meteorological and Geographical Potential of Wind Energy: A Case Study from Southwest Germany," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(7), pages 1-11, July.
    15. Dolter, Brett & Rivers, Nicholas, 2018. "The cost of decarbonizing the Canadian electricity system," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 135-148.

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