IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/intman/v21y2015i1p63-77.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Expatriate Social Networks in Terrorism-Endangered Countries: An Empirical Analysis in Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia

Author

Listed:
  • Bader, Benjamin
  • Schuster, Tassilo

Abstract

Despite the increasing relevance for international business, international assignments in terrorism-endangered countries have hardly been analyzed. Applying a social network perspective, this study investigates the impact of expatriate social network characteristics on psychological well-being in the terrorism-endangered environment of Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan. Drawing on data surveying 175 expatriates, the study finds that large and diversified networks positively affect the psychological well-being of international expatriates. When including the influence of terrorism it is revealed that a higher terrorism level per se does not necessarily negatively affect the psychological well-being of expatriates, however, the impact of expatriate social network characteristics on psychological well-being is amplified. Hence, social networks are more beneficial on expatriates' psychological well-being in countries which suffer from terrorism. Discussing these findings, the study also differentiates between closeness with host country nationals and other nationalities, and presents several implications for managers how to improve psychological well-being.

Suggested Citation

  • Bader, Benjamin & Schuster, Tassilo, 2015. "Expatriate Social Networks in Terrorism-Endangered Countries: An Empirical Analysis in Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 63-77.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:intman:v:21:y:2015:i:1:p:63-77
    DOI: 10.1016/j.intman.2014.09.004
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075425314000878
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.intman.2014.09.004?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Shay, Jeffrey P. & Tracey, J. Bruce, 2009. "Expatriate adjustment and effectiveness: The mediating role of managerial practices," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 15(4), pages 401-412, December.
    2. Kotabe, Masaaki, 2005. "Global security risks and international competitiveness," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 11(4), pages 453-455, December.
    3. Harzing, Anne-Wil, 2001. "Of bears, bumble-bees, and spiders: the role of expatriates in controlling foreign subsidiaries," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 36(4), pages 366-379, January.
    4. Jeffrey P Shay & Sally A Baack, 2004. "Expatriate assignment, adjustment and effectiveness: an empirical examination of the big picture," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 35(3), pages 216-232, May.
    5. Chris Changwha Chung & Paul W. Beamish, 2005. "The Impact of Institutional Reforms on Characteristics and Survival of Foreign Subsidiaries in Emerging Economies," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(1), pages 35-62, January.
    6. B Sebastian Reiche & Anne-Wil Harzing & Maria L Kraimer, 2009. "The role of international assignees' social capital in creating inter-unit intellectual capital: A cross-level model," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 40(3), pages 509-526, April.
    7. Czinkota, Michael R. & Knight, Gary A. & Liesch, Peter W. & Steen, John, 2005. "Positioning terrorism in management and marketing: Research propositions," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 11(4), pages 581-604, December.
    8. Wang, Xiaoyun & Nayir, Dilek Zamantili, 2006. "How and when is social networking important? Comparing European expatriate adjustment in China and Turkey," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 12(4), pages 449-472, December.
    9. Tung, Rosalie L., 1998. "American expatriates abroad: From neophytes to cosmopolitans," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 125-144, July.
    10. Nealia S Bruning & Karan Sonpar & Xiaoyun Wang, 2012. "Host-country national networks and expatriate effectiveness: A mixed-methods study," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 43(4), pages 444-450, May.
    11. Shawn M Carraher & Sherry E Sullivan & Madeline M Crocitto, 2008. "Mentoring across global boundaries: an empirical examination of home- and host-country mentors on expatriate career outcomes," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 39(8), pages 1310-1326, December.
    12. Li, Sali & Tallman, Stephen B. & Ferreira, Manuel P., 2005. "Developing the eclectic paradigm as a model of global strategy: An application to the impact of the Sep. 11 terrorist attacks on MNE performance levels," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 11(4), pages 479-496, December.
    13. Ted London & Stuart L Hart, 2004. "Reinventing strategies for emerging markets: beyond the transnational model," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 35(5), pages 350-370, September.
    14. Ramsey, Jase R., 2005. "The role of other orientation on the relationship between institutional distance and expatriate adjustment," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 11(3), pages 377-396, September.
    15. Armstrong, J. Scott & Overton, Terry S., 1977. "Estimating Nonresponse Bias in Mail Surveys," MPRA Paper 81694, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. John M Mezias & Terri A Scandura, 2005. "A needs-driven approach to expatriate adjustment and career development: a multiple mentoring perspective," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 36(5), pages 519-538, September.
    17. Stahl, Günter K. & Miller, Edwin L. & Tung, Rosalie L., 2002. "Toward the boundaryless career: a closer look at the expatriate career concept and the perceived implications of an international assignment," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 216-227, October.
    18. Harvey, Michael G. & Speier, Cheri & Novicevic, Milorad M., 1999. "The impact of emerging markets on staffing the global organization:: A knowledge-based view," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 5(3), pages 167-186.
    19. Sea-Jin Chang & Arjen van Witteloostuijn & Lorraine Eden, 2010. "From the Editors: Common method variance in international business research," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 41(2), pages 178-184, February.
    20. Shung J Shin & Frederick P Morgeson & Michael A Campion, 2007. "What you do depends on where you are: understanding how domestic and expatriate work requirements depend upon the cultural context," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 38(1), pages 64-83, January.
    21. Reade, Carol & Lee, Hyun-Jung, 2012. "Organizational Commitment in Time of War: Assessing the Impact and Attenuation of Employee Sensitivity to Ethnopolitical Conflict," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 85-101.
    22. Harvey, Michael & Novicevic, Milorad, 2002. "The role of political competence in global assignments of expatriate managers," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 8(4), pages 389-406.
    23. Bader, Benjamin & Berg, Nicola, 2013. "An Empirical Investigation of Terrorism-induced Stress on Expatriate Attitudes and Performance," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 163-175.
    24. Michael R Czinkota & Gary Knight & Peter W Liesch & John Steen, 2010. "Terrorism and international business: A research agenda," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 41(5), pages 826-843, June.
    25. J Stewart Black & Mark Mendenhall, 1991. "The U-Curve Adjustment Hypothesis Revisited: A Review and Theoretical Framework," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 22(2), pages 225-247, June.
    26. Mark C Bolino, 2007. "Expatriate assignments and intra-organizational career success: implications for individuals and organizations," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 38(5), pages 819-835, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Fabrice Lumineau & Marvin Hanisch & Olivier Wurtz, 2021. "International Management as Management of Diversity: Reconceptualizing Distance as Diversity," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 58(6), pages 1644-1668, September.
    2. Liu, Anyu & Pratt, Stephen, 2017. "Tourism's vulnerability and resilience to terrorism," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 404-417.
    3. Caroline T Witte & Martijn J Burger & Elena I Ianchovichina & Enrico Pennings, 2017. "Dodging bullets: The heterogeneous effect of political violence on greenfield FDI," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 48(7), pages 862-892, September.
    4. Silbiger, Avi & Barnes, Bradley R. & Berger, Ron & Renwick, Douglas W.S., 2021. "The role of regulatory focus and its influence on the cultural distance – Adjustment relationship for expatriate managers," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 398-410.
    5. Anika Breitenmoser & Benjamin Bader, 2016. "Repatriation outcomes affecting corporate ROI: a critical review and future agenda," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 66(3), pages 195-234, June.
    6. Daitian Li & Tony W Tong & Yangao Xiao & Feida Zhang, 2022. "Terrorism-induced uncertainty and firm R&D investment: A real options view," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 53(2), pages 255-267, March.
    7. Elbanna, Said & Abdelzaher, Dina M. & Ramadan, Nora, 2020. "Management research in the Arab World: What is now and what is next?," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 26(2).
    8. Buscema, Massimo & Sacco, Pier Luigi & Massini, Giulia & Della Torre, Francesca & Brogi, Marco & Salonia, Massimo & Ferilli, Guido, 2018. "Unraveling the space grammar of terrorist attacks: A TWC approach," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 230-254.
    9. Gheath Mahmoud Abdel-Rahman & Subramaniam A/L Sri Ramalu & Chandrakantan A/L Subramaniam, 2017. "The Impact of Cultural Similarity and Social Network Characteristics on Re-Expatriation Intention Among Self-Initiated Academic Expatriates," International Journal of Business and Social Research, LAR Center Press, vol. 7(9), pages 1-9, September.
    10. Gheath Mahmoud Abdel-Rahman & Subramaniam A/L Sri Ramalu & Chandrakantan A/L Subramaniam, 2017. "The Impact of Cultural Similarity and Social Network Characteristics on Re-Expatriation Intention Among Self-Initiated Academic Expatriates," International Journal of Business and Social Research, MIR Center for Socio-Economic Research, vol. 7(9), pages 1-9, September.
    11. Saeed Alqadhi & Javed Mallick & Swapan Talukdar & Mohd. Ahmed & Roohul Abad Khan & Showmitra Kumar Sarkar & Atiqur Rahman, 2022. "Assessing the effect of future landslide on ecosystem services in Aqabat Al-Sulbat region, Saudi Arabia," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 113(1), pages 641-671, August.
    12. Abbasi, Kashif & Jiao, Zhilun & Khan, Arman & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2020. "Asymmetric impact of renewable and non-renewable energy on economic growth in Pakistan: New evidence from a nonlinear analysis," MPRA Paper 101854, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 13 Jul 2020.
    13. Tingbani, Ishmael & Okafor, Godwin & Tauringana, Venancio & Zalata, Alaa Mansour, 2019. "Terrorism and country-level global business failure," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 430-440.
    14. Witte, Caroline T. & Burger, Martijn J. & Pennings, Enrico, 2020. "When political instability devaluates home-host ties," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 55(4).
    15. Bader, Benjamin & Berg, Nicola & Holtbrügge, Dirk, 2015. "Expatriate performance in terrorism-endangered countries: The role of family and organizational support," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 24(5), pages 849-860.
    16. Sana Mumtaz & Sadia Nadeem, 2022. "Understanding the Integration of Psychological and Socio-cultural Factors in Adjustment of Expatriates: An AUM Process Model," SAGE Open, , vol. 12(1), pages 21582440221, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Bader, Benjamin & Berg, Nicola, 2013. "An Empirical Investigation of Terrorism-induced Stress on Expatriate Attitudes and Performance," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 163-175.
    2. Bader, Benjamin & Berg, Nicola & Holtbrügge, Dirk, 2015. "Expatriate performance in terrorism-endangered countries: The role of family and organizational support," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 24(5), pages 849-860.
    3. Dimitrova, Mihaela & Chia, Sherwin Ignatius & Shaffer, Margaret A. & Tay-Lee, Cheryl, 2020. "Forgotten travelers: Adjustment and career implications of international business travel for expatriates," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 26(1).
    4. Grinstein, Amir & Wathieu, Luc, 2012. "Happily (mal)adjusted: Cosmopolitan identity and expatriate adjustment," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 337-345.
    5. Caligiuri, Paula & Bonache, Jaime, 2016. "Evolving and enduring challenges in global mobility," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 51(1), pages 127-141.
    6. Schmid, Stefan & Wurster, Dennis J., 2017. "International work experience: Is it really accelerating the way to the management board of MNCs?," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 26(5), pages 991-1008.
    7. Dimitrova, Anna & Triki, Dora & Valentino, Alfredo, 2022. "The effects of business- and non-business-targeting terrorism on FDI to the MENA region: The moderating role of political regime," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(6).
    8. Sarabi, Almasa & Froese, Fabian J. & Hamori, Monika, 2017. "Is inpatriate assignment experience a ticket to the top of a foreign subsidiary? The moderating effect of subsidiary context," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 52(5), pages 680-690.
    9. Elenkov, Detelin S. & Manev, Ivan M., 2009. "Senior expatriate leadership's effects on innovation and the role of cultural intelligence," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 44(4), pages 357-369, October.
    10. Burmeister, Anne & Lazarova, Mila B. & Deller, Jürgen, 2018. "Repatriate knowledge transfer: Antecedents and boundary conditions of a dyadic process," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 53(6), pages 806-816.
    11. Harvey, Michael & Reiche, B. Sebastian & Moeller, Miriam, 2011. "Developing effective global relationships through staffing with inpatriate managers: The role of interpersonal trust," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 17(2), pages 150-161, June.
    12. Liu, Yulong & Yu, Yang, 2018. "Institutions, firm resources and the foreign establishment mode choices of Chinese firms: The moderating role of home regional institutional development," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 111-121.
    13. Chipoong Kim & Chul Chung & Chris Brewster, 2019. "Beyond Nationality: International Experience as a Key Dimension for Subsidiary Staffing Choices in MNEs," John H Dunning Centre for International Business Discussion Papers jhd-dp2019-03, Henley Business School, University of Reading.
    14. Niina Nurmi & Pamela J Hinds, 2016. "Job complexity and learning opportunities: A silver lining in the design of global virtual work," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 47(6), pages 631-654, August.
    15. Baruch, Yehuda & Budhwar, Pawan S. & Khatri, Naresh, 2007. "Brain drain: Inclination to stay abroad after studies," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 99-112, March.
    16. Lazarova, Mila & Tarique, Ibraiz, 2005. "Knowledge transfer upon repatriation," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 40(4), pages 361-373, November.
    17. Yoshitaka Yamazaki, 2010. "Expatriate Adaptation," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 50(1), pages 81-108, February.
    18. Tung, Rosalie L., 2016. "New perspectives on human resource management in a global context," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 51(1), pages 142-152.
    19. Ashby, Nathan J. & Ramos, Miguel A., 2013. "Foreign direct investment and industry response to organized crime: The Mexican case," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 80-91.
    20. Ms. Concha Verdugo Yepes & Mr. Peter L. Pedroni & Xingwei Hu, 2015. "Crime and the Economy in Mexican States: Heterogeneous Panel Estimates (1993-2012)," IMF Working Papers 2015/121, International Monetary Fund.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:intman:v:21:y:2015:i:1:p:63-77. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/601266/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.