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Tariffs and quotas in world trade: A unified variational inequality framework

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  • Nagurney, Anna
  • Besik, Deniz
  • Dong, June

Abstract

In this paper, we develop a unified variational inequality framework in the context of spatial price network equilibrium problems that captures world trade policies in the form of tariff rate quotas, which are two-tiered tariffs, and that have been applied in practice to numerous commodities. The spatial price network equilibrium model allows for multiple supply markets and multiple demand markets in different countries as well as multiple transportation routes. The model is qualitatively analyzed and also related to models with trade policies such as ad valorem tariffs and strict quotas. A case study on the dairy industry focusing on the United States and France is presented to illustrate the modeling and computational framework with impacts of stricter quotas, higher over quota tariffs, as well as additional transportation routes assessed. The numerical examples reveal that although domestic producers can gain under tariff rate quotas, consumers may experience higher prices. Given the relevance of tariffs to global trade in the world today and discussions concerning the impacts, the framework constructed in this paper is especially timely.

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  • Nagurney, Anna & Besik, Deniz & Dong, June, 2019. "Tariffs and quotas in world trade: A unified variational inequality framework," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 275(1), pages 347-360.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ejores:v:275:y:2019:i:1:p:347-360
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2018.11.040
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Anna Nagurney & Charles F. Nicholson & Phillip M. Bishop, 1996. "Spatial Price Equilibrium Models with Discriminatory Ad Valorem Tariffs: Formulation and Comparative Computation Using Variational Inequalities," Advances in Spatial Science, in: Jeroen C. J. M. Bergh & Peter Nijkamp & Piet Rietveld (ed.), Recent Advances in Spatial Equilibrium Modelling, chapter 9, pages 179-200, Springer.
    2. Li, Dong & Nagurney, Anna & Yu, Min, 2018. "Consumer learning of product quality with time delay: Insights from spatial price equilibrium models with differentiated products," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 150-168.
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    6. Rutherford, Thomas F., 1995. "Extension of GAMS for complementarity problems arising in applied economic analysis," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 19(8), pages 1299-1324, November.
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    8. Stella Dafermos & Anna Nagurney, 1984. "Sensitivity Analysis for the General Spatial Economic Equilibrium Problem," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 32(5), pages 1069-1086, October.
    9. Johnston, Craig M.T. & van Kooten, G. Cornelis, 2017. "Impact of inefficient quota allocation under the Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute: A calibrated mixed complementarity approach," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 71-80.
    10. Dafermos, Stella & Nagurney, Anna, 1987. "Oligopolistic and competitive behavior of spatially separated markets," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 17(2), pages 245-254.
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    1. Nagurney, Anna & Besik, Deniz & Li, Dong, 2019. "Strict quotas or tariffs? Implications for product quality and consumer welfare in differentiated product supply chains," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 136-161.
    2. Xiaowei Hu & Peng Li, 2021. "Relief and Stimulus in A Cross-sector Multi-product Scarce Resource Supply Chain Network," Papers 2101.09373, arXiv.org, revised Nov 2022.
    3. Anna Nagurney & Patrizia Daniele & Ladimer S. Nagurney, 2020. "Refugee migration networks and regulations: a multiclass, multipath variational inequality framework," Journal of Global Optimization, Springer, vol. 78(3), pages 627-649, November.
    4. Li, Wei & Sun, Hui & Dong, Hao & Gan, Yuqin & Koh, Lenny, 2023. "Outsourcing decision-making in global remanufacturing supply chains: The impact of tax and tariff regulations," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 304(3), pages 997-1010.
    5. Feng-Jie Xie & Lu-Ying Wen & Si-Yi Wang & Yong-Fei Li, 2024. "Complex Characteristics and Control of Output Game in Cross-Border Supply Chains: A Perspective of Inter-Chain Competition," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-18, January.
    6. Anna Nagurney & Dana Hassani & Oleg Nivievskyi & Pavlo Martyshev, 2023. "Exchange rates and multicommodity international trade: insights from spatial price equilibrium modeling with policy instruments via variational inequalities," Journal of Global Optimization, Springer, vol. 87(1), pages 1-30, September.
    7. Feng, Pingping & Zhou, Xiaoyang & Zhang, Ding & Chen, Zhaobo & Wang, Shouyang, 2022. "The impact of trade policy on global supply chain network equilibrium: A new perspective of product-market chain competition," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    8. Yang, Huixiao & Ou, Jinwen & Chen, Xiaofeng, 2021. "Impact of tariffs and production cost on a multinational firm's incentive for backshoring under competition," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 105(C).
    9. Hu, Xiaowei & Li, Peng, 2022. "Relief and stimulus in a cross-sector multi-product scarce resource supply chain network," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    10. Anna Nagurney & Deniz Besik & Ladimer S. Nagurney, 2019. "Global supply chain networks and tariff rate quotas: equilibrium analysis with application to agricultural products," Journal of Global Optimization, Springer, vol. 75(2), pages 439-460, October.
    11. Zhang, Ting & Wang, Yulan & Shen, Bin & Prak, Dennis, 2023. "Welfare-maximizing tariff versus trade-surplus-maximizing tariff: Impacts on multinational firm competition," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    12. Chiedza L. Muchopa, 2021. "Economic Impact of Tariff Rate Quotas and Underfilling: The Case of Canned Fruit Exports from South Africa to the EU," Economies, MDPI, vol. 9(4), pages 1-17, October.

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