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Monetary Policy and Inequality: How Does One Affect the Other?

Author

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  • Eunseong Ma

    (Yonsei University)

Abstract

This paper studies a labor-supply-side channel affecting the relationship between monetary policy and income inequality. To this end, I build a heterogeneous-agent New Keynesian economy with indivisible labor in which both macro and micro labor supply elasticities are endogenously generated. First, I find that monetary policy shocks have distributional consequences due to a substantial heterogeneity in labor supply elasticity across households. Second, a more equal economy is associated with more effective monetary policy in terms of output. I document supporting empirical evidence for the key mechanism of the model using micro-level data and state-level data in the U.S.

Suggested Citation

  • Eunseong Ma, 2022. "Monetary Policy and Inequality: How Does One Affect the Other?," Working papers 2022rwp-203, Yonsei University, Yonsei Economics Research Institute.
    • Handle: RePEc:yon:wpaper:2022rwp-203
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    Cited by:

    1. Fierro, Luca Eduardo & Giri, Federico & Russo, Alberto, 2023. "Inequality-constrained monetary policy in a financialized economy," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 216(C), pages 366-385.
    2. Jérôme Creel & Mehdi El Herradi, 2024. "Income inequality and monetary policy in the euro area," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(1), pages 332-355, January.
    3. Evgenidis, Anastasios & Fasianos, Apostolos, 2023. "Modelling monetary policy’s impact on labour markets under Covid-19," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    4. Capazario, Michele, 2022. "Developing an Income-Distribution- Sensitive Taylor Rule: An Application to South Africa," MPRA Paper 112740, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Ma Eunseong & Park Kwangyong, 2025. "Gini in the Taylor Rule: Should the Fed Care About Inequality?," The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, De Gruyter, vol. 25(1), pages 241-285.
    6. Emira Arefa Aji & Raditya Sukmana, 2023. "Dual Mone Al Monetary Policy And Income Inequ Y Policy And Income Inequality In Indonesia," Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking, Bank Indonesia, vol. 26(3), pages 539-560, September.
    7. Domonkos, Tomas & Fisera, Boris & Siranova, Maria, 2023. "Income inequality as long-term conditioning factor of monetary transmission to bank rates," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    8. Mäki-Fränti, Petri & Silvo, Aino & Gulan, Adam & Kilponen, Juha, 2022. "Monetary policy and inequality: The Finnish case," Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers 3/2022, Bank of Finland.
    9. Christoph Lauper & Giacomo Mangiante, 2021. "Monetary policy shocks and inflation inequality," Cahiers de Recherches Economiques du Département d'économie 21.02a, Université de Lausanne, Faculté des HEC, Département d’économie.
    10. Makram El-Shagi & Steven Yamarik, 2024. "The Effect of Monetary Policy Shocks on Income Inequality across US states," CFDS Discussion Paper Series 2024/4, Center for Financial Development and Stability at Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.
    11. David G Blanchflower & Alex Bryson, 2024. "Were COVID and the Great Recession well-being reducing?," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(11), pages 1-34, November.
    12. Hayo, Bernd, 2023. "Does the ECB's monetary policy affect personal finances and economic inequality? A household perspective from Germany," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
    13. Bobasu, Alina & Repele, Amalia, 2025. "Effects of monetary policy on labor income: the role of the employer," Working Paper Series 3046, European Central Bank.
    14. Frantisek Masek & Jan Zemlicka, 2024. "Average Inflation Targeting: How far to look into the past and the future?," Working and Discussion Papers WP 5/2024, Research Department, National Bank of Slovakia.
    15. Gerke, Rafael & Giesen, Sebastian & Lozej, Matija & Röttger, Joost, 2024. "On household labour supply in sticky-wage HANK models," Discussion Papers 01/2024, Deutsche Bundesbank.
    16. Cho, Daeha & Ma, Eunseong, 2023. "The heterogeneous welfare effects of business cycles," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    17. Eunseong Ma, 2025. "Intensive and Extensive Margins of Labor Supply in HANK: Aggregate and Disaggregate Implications," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 57(6), pages 1657-1683, September.
    18. Okan Akarsu & Emrehan Aktug & Muserref Kucukbayrak, 2025. "Hand-to-Mouth Households in the Eurosystem and the Transmission of Monetary Policy," Working Papers 2506, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.

    More about this item

    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • E52 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Monetary Policy
    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • D52 - Microeconomics - - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium - - - Incomplete Markets
    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure

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