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Evolutionary Branching and Sympatric Speciation Caused by Different Types of Ecological Interactions

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  • M. Doebeli
  • U. Dieckmann

Abstract

Evolutionary branching occurs when frequency-dependent selection splits a phenotypically monomorphic population into two distinct phenotypic clusters. A prerequisite for evolutionary branching is that directional selection drives the population towards a fitness minimum in phenotype space. This paper demonstrates that selection regimes leading to evolutionary branching readily arise from a wide variety of different ecological interactions within and between species. We use classical ecological models for symmetric and asymmetric competition, for mutualism, and for predator-prey interactions to describe evolving populations with continuously varying characters. For these models, we investigate the ecological and evolutionary conditions that allow for evolutionary branching and establish that branching is a generic and robust phenomenon. Evolutionary branching becomes a model for sympatric speciation when population genetics and mating mechanisms are incorporated into ecological models. In sexual populations with random mating, the continual production of intermediate phenotypes from two incipient branches prevents evolutionary branching. In contrast, when mating is assortative for the ecological characters under study, evolutionary branching is possible in sexual populations and can lead to speciation. Therefore, we also study the evolution of assortative mating as a quantitative character. We show that evolution under branching conditions selects for assortativeness and thus allows sexual populations to escape from fitness minima. We conclude that evolutionary branching offers a general basis for understanding adaptive speciation and radiation under a wide range of different ecological conditions.

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  • M. Doebeli & U. Dieckmann, 2000. "Evolutionary Branching and Sympatric Speciation Caused by Different Types of Ecological Interactions," Working Papers ir00040, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.
    • Handle: RePEc:wop:iasawp:ir00040
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    1. G. Meszena & E. Kisdi & U. Dieckmann & S.A.H. Geritz & J.A.J. Metz, 2000. "Evolutionary Optimization Models and Matrix Games in the Unified Perspective of Adaptive Dynamics," Working Papers ir00039, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.
    2. U. Dieckmann & R. Law, 1996. "The Dynamical Theory of Coevolution: A Derivation from Stochastic Ecological Processes," Working Papers wp96001, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.
    3. Paul B. Rainey & Michael Travisano, 1998. "Adaptive radiation in a heterogeneous environment," Nature, Nature, vol. 394(6688), pages 69-72, July.
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    1. Gil Jorge Barros Henriques & Koichi Ito & Christoph Hauert & Michael Doebeli, 2021. "On the importance of evolving phenotype distributions on evolutionary diversification," PLOS Computational Biology, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(2), pages 1-21, February.
    2. Débarre, Florence & Otto, Sarah P., 2016. "Evolutionary dynamics of a quantitative trait in a finite asexual population," Theoretical Population Biology, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 75-88.
    3. Kortessis, Nicholas & Chesson, Peter, 2021. "Character displacement in the presence of multiple trait differences: Evolution of the storage effect in germination and growth," Theoretical Population Biology, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 54-66.
    4. Pachepsky, Elizaveta & Bown, James L. & Eberst, Alistair & Bausenwein, Ursula & Millard, Peter & Squire, Geoff R. & Crawford, John W., 2007. "Consequences of intraspecific variation for the structure and function of ecological communities Part 2: Linking diversity and function," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 207(2), pages 277-285.
    5. Cressman, Ross, 2005. "Stability of the replicator equation with continuous strategy space," Mathematical Social Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 127-147, September.
    6. Hoyle, Andrew & Bowers, Roger G., 2008. "Can possible evolutionary outcomes be determined directly from the population dynamics?," Theoretical Population Biology, Elsevier, vol. 74(4), pages 311-323.
    7. José Camacho Mateu & Matteo Sireci & Miguel A Muñoz, 2021. "Phenotypic-dependent variability and the emergence of tolerance in bacterial populations," PLOS Computational Biology, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(9), pages 1-28, September.
    8. Han, Xiaozhuo & Chen, Baoying & Hui, Cang, 2016. "Symmetry breaking in cyclic competition by niche construction," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 284(C), pages 66-78.
    9. Bhattacharyay, A. & Drossel, B., 2005. "Modeling coevolution and sympatric speciation of flowers and pollinators," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 345(1), pages 159-172.
    10. Hernán Darío Toro-Zapata & Carlos Andrés Trujillo-Salazar & Fabio Dercole & Gerard Olivar-Tost, 2021. "Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampei) and its role in the evolutionary diversification of the coffee market," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 31(3), pages 1029-1063, July.
    11. Matessi, Carlo & Schneider, Kristan A., 2009. "Optimization under frequency-dependent selection," Theoretical Population Biology, Elsevier, vol. 76(1), pages 1-12.
    12. Nurmi, Tuomas & Parvinen, Kalle, 2008. "On the evolution of specialization with a mechanistic underpinning in structured metapopulations," Theoretical Population Biology, Elsevier, vol. 73(2), pages 222-243.
    13. Bagnoli, Franco & Guardiani, Carlo, 2005. "A model of sympatric speciation through assortative mating," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 347(C), pages 534-574.
    14. Cressman, Ross & Hofbauer, Josef & Riedel, Frank, 2005. "Stability of the Replicator Equation for a Single-Species with a Multi-Dimensional Continuous Trait Space," Bonn Econ Discussion Papers 12/2005, University of Bonn, Bonn Graduate School of Economics (BGSE).
    15. Troost, T.A. & Kooi, B.W. & Kooijman, S.A.L.M., 2007. "Bifurcation analysis of ecological and evolutionary processes in ecosystems," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 204(1), pages 253-268.
    16. Johansson, Jacob & Ripa, Jörgen & Kuckländer, Nina, 2010. "The risk of competitive exclusion during evolutionary branching: Effects of resource variability, correlation and autocorrelation," Theoretical Population Biology, Elsevier, vol. 77(2), pages 95-104.
    17. Hernán Darío Toro-Zapata & Gerard Olivar-Tost, 2018. "Mathematical Model For The Evolutionary Dynamic Of Innovation In City Public Transport Systems," Copernican Journal of Finance & Accounting, Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika, vol. 7(2), pages 77-98.
    18. Zu, Jian & Wang, Jinliang, 2013. "Adaptive evolution of attack ability promotes the evolutionary branching of predator species," Theoretical Population Biology, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 12-23.
    19. Cook, James N. & Oono, Y., 2010. "Competitive localization," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 389(9), pages 1849-1860.

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