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The State of the Banking Sector in Europe

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  • Dirk Schoenmaker

    (Duisenberg School of Finance)

  • Toon Peek

    (Duisenberg School of Finance)

Abstract

This paper reviews the state of the banking sector in Europe. At the aggregate level, the empirical data suggest that the Baltics, Cyprus, Greece and Ireland, in particular, are hit by a strong decline in lending in the wake of the financial crisis. This deleveraging is mainly caused by a reduction in cross-border supply of credit. We also examine the capital position of the European banking system, using November 2013 stock market data. In the basic scenario to restore capital to a market based leverage ratio of 3%, EUR 84 billion of extra capital would be needed for the largest 60 banks. At the bank level, the top tertile of well-capitalised banks (with a market based leverage ratio well above 4%) continues lending. By contrast, the 2nd tertile of medium-capitalised banks (between 3 and 4%) and the 3rd tertile of weakly capitalised banks (well below 3%) show a strong decline in lending. Moreover, the market-to-book ratio is below one for these banks. The market thus gives a lower value to these banks. Our findings provide prima facie evidence of a credit crunch in Europe. Another fallout of the financial crisis is an increase, though very modest, of concentration in banking in the distressed countries (Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy). The enhancement of financial stability through (forced) M&As seems to come at the expense of reduced competition. L'état du secteur bancaire en Europe Ce document examine l'état du secteur bancaire en Europe. Au niveau agrégé, les données empiriques suggèrent que les pays baltes, Chypre, la Grèce et l'Irlande, en particulier, sont touchés par une forte diminution du crédit à la suite de la crise financière. Ce désendettement est principalement dû à une réduction de l'offre transfrontalière de crédit. Nous examinons également la capitalisation du système bancaire européen, en utilisant les données boursières de novembre 2013. Dans le scénario de base qui consiste à restaurer à 3 % le ratio de levier fondé sur la capitalisation boursière, 84 milliards d’euros de capitaux supplémentaires seraient nécessaires pour les 60 plus grandes banques. Au niveau des banques, le tiers supérieur des banques les mieux capitalisées (avec un ratio de levier fondé sur la capitalisation boursière bien au-dessus de 4 %) continue de prêter. En revanche, le deuxième tiers de banques de capitalisation intermédiaire (entre 3 et 4 %) et le troisième tiers des banques faiblement capitalisées (bien en-dessous de 3 %) montrent une forte diminution des prêts. En outre, le ratio entre valeur de marché et valeur comptable est inférieur à un pour ces banques. Le marché donne ainsi à ces banques une valeur inférieure. Nos résultats fournissent la preuve prima facie d'une chute du crédit en Europe. Une autre retombée de la crise financière est une augmentation, bien que très modeste, de la concentration du secteur bancaire dans les pays en difficulté (Espagne, Grèce, Irlande, Italie et Portugal). Le renforcement de la stabilité financière à travers des fusions et acquisitions (forcées) semble se faire au détriment de la concurrence.

Suggested Citation

  • Dirk Schoenmaker & Toon Peek, 2014. "The State of the Banking Sector in Europe," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1102, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1102-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5k3ttg7n4r32-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Guner, Nezih & Kulikova, Yuliya & Llull, Joan, 2018. "Marriage and health: Selection, protection, and assortative mating," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 138-166.
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    3. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/144pedpca18ff8v7fh3tvnp99m is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Maylis Avaro & Henri Sterdyniak, 2014. "Banking union: a solution to the euro zone crisis?," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 0(1), pages 193-241.
    5. Paul J. J. Welfens, 2016. "Overcoming the euro crisis and prospects for a political union," International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, vol. 13(1), pages 59-103, January.
    6. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/f6h8764enu2lskk9p4srjesb4 is not listed on IDEAS
    7. Céline Antonin & Christophe Blot & Jérôme Creel & Paul Hubert & Fabien Labondance & Vincent Touzé, 2014. "Comment lutter contre la fragmentation du système bancaire de la zone euro ?," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 0(5), pages 171-219.
    8. Voszka, Éva, 2015. "Államosítás, privatizáció és gazdaságpolitika - a főirány széttöredezése [Nationalization and privatization - in the shadow of changing paradigms of economic policy]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(7), pages 717-748.
    9. Beau Soederhuizen & Bert van Stiphout-Kramer & Harro van Heuvelen & Rob Luginbuhl, 2021. "Optimal capital ratios for banks in the euro area," CPB Discussion Paper 429, CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis.
    10. Kotz Hans-Helmut & Schmidt Reinhard H., 2016. "Corporate Governance of Banks – A German Alternative to the Standard Model," Zeitschrift für Bankrecht und Bankwirtschaft (ZBB) / Journal of Banking Law and Banking (JBB), RWS Verlag, vol. 28(6), pages 427-444, December.
    11. Jan Vlachý, 2018. "Assessing Outsourced Distribution Channels," Contemporary Economics, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw., vol. 12(2), June.
    12. Niţoi, Mihai & Clichici, Dorina & Moagăr-Poladian, Simona, 2019. "The effects of prudential policies on bank leverage and insolvency risk in Central and Eastern Europe," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 148-160.
    13. Guillaume Arnould & Salim Dehmej, 2016. "Is the European banking system robust? An evaluation through the lens of the ECB?s Comprehensive Assessment," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 147, pages 126-144.
    14. Sándor Bozsik & Vladimír Gazda, 2018. "Bank Domestic Outstandings in Central-Eastern-European Countries between 2008 and 2018," Theory Methodology Practice (TMP), Faculty of Economics, University of Miskolc, vol. 14(02), pages 15-24.
    15. Lang, Frank & Signore, Simone & Gvetadze, Salome, 2016. "The role of cooperative banks and smaller institutions for the financing of SMEs and small midcaps in Europe," EIF Working Paper Series 2016/36, European Investment Fund (EIF).
    16. Stelios Markoulis & Panagiotis Ioannou & Spiros Martzoukos, 2023. "Bank distress in the European Union 2008–2015: A closer look at capital, size and revenue diversification," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(1), pages 792-820, January.
    17. Mayordomo, Sergio & Rodríguez-Moreno, María, 2018. "Did the bank capital relief induced by the Supporting Factor enhance SME lending?," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 45-57.
    18. Francesca Francioli, 2018. "Strategic performance management systems in Italian banks. A research note," MANAGEMENT CONTROL, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2018(2), pages 155-178.
    19. Benczur, Peter & Cannas, Giuseppina & Cariboni, Jessica & Di Girolamo, Francesca & Maccaferri, Sara & Petracco Giudici, Marco, 2017. "Evaluating the effectiveness of the new EU bank regulatory framework: A farewell to bail-out?," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 207-223.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    activité bancaire transfrontalière; banks; banques; capital; capital; credit supply; cross-border banking; deleveraging; désendettement; geographical segmentation; offre de crédit; segmentation géographique;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G22 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Insurance; Insurance Companies; Actuarial Studies
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill
    • G38 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Government Policy and Regulation

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