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The Nonbank Footprint of Banks

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Abstract

U.S. bank holding companies (BHCs) have developed a significant nonbank footprint over the last five decades, accounting for a sizable share of both BHC assets and the broader nonbank financial sector. We argue that this structure is partly explained by internal capital markets: when affiliates face imperfectly correlated liquidity outflows, internal transfers reduce the need for precautionary buffers. Using unique data on BHC structure and intracompany funding balances, we find evidence that affiliates provide implicit liquidity insurance through internal transfers, and that the BHC organizational scope responds to shocks that affect the value of this insurance. Our findings suggest that internal liquidity insurance plays a central role in determining both firm boundaries and asset allocation in modern financial groups.

Suggested Citation

  • Nicola Cetorelli & Saketh Prazad, 2024. "The Nonbank Footprint of Banks," Staff Reports 1118, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fednsr:98819
    DOI: 10.59576/sr.1118
    Note: Revised November 2025.
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Nicola Cetorelli & Linda S. Goldberg, 2012. "Follow the Money: Quantifying Domestic Effects of Foreign Bank Shocks in the Great Recession," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 102(3), pages 213-218, May.
    2. Laeven, Luc & Levine, Ross, 2007. "Is there a diversification discount in financial conglomerates?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 85(2), pages 331-367, August.
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    4. Stefan Jacewitz & Haluk Unal & Chengjun Wu, 2022. "Shadow Insurance? Money Market Fund Investors and Bank Sponsorship [Do global banks spread global imbalances? Asset-backed commercial paper during the financial crisis of 2007–09]," The Review of Corporate Finance Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 11(2), pages 414-456.
    5. Manasa Gopal & Philipp Schnabl, 2022. "The Rise of Finance Companies and FinTech Lenders in Small Business Lending," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 35(11), pages 4859-4901.
    6. Gregor Matvos & Amit Seru, 2014. "Resource Allocation within Firms and Financial Market Dislocation: Evidence from Diversified Conglomerates," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 27(4), pages 1143-1189.
    7. Venkat Kuppuswamy & Belén Villalonga, 2016. "Does Diversification Create Value in the Presence of External Financing Constraints? Evidence from the 2007–2009 Financial Crisis," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 62(4), pages 905-923, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Pelizzon, Loriana & Mattiello, Riccardo & Schlegel, Jonas, 2025. "Growth of non-bank financial intermediaries, financial stability, and monetary policy," SAFE Working Paper Series 458, Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE.
    2. Pelizzon, Loriana & Mattiello, Riccardo & Schlegel, Jonas, 2025. "Growth of non-bank financial intermediaries, financial stability, and monetary policy: Prepared for the ECB Forum," SAFE White Paper Series 114, Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE.
    3. Mark A. Carlson & Zack Saravay & Mary Tian, 2025. "Fed Repo Operations and Dealer Intermediation," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2025-052, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    4. Beqiraj, Elton & Cao, Qingqing & De Haas, Ralph & Minetti, Raoul, 2025. "Reprint of: Global banking and macroeconomic stability. Liquidity, control, and monitoring," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    5. Beqiraj, Elton & Cao, Qingqing & De Haas, Ralph & Minetti, Raoul, 2025. "Global banking and macroeconomic stability. Liquidity, control, and monitoring," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • G01 - Financial Economics - - General - - - Financial Crises
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G23 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation

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