IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/erg/wpaper/1824.html

The Main Features of Sudan Income and Wage Structure in 2022

Author

Listed:
  • May Gadalla

    (Cairo University and ERF)

  • Nesma Amer

    (Economic Research Forum)

  • Sara Ragab

    (University of Minnesota)

  • Dalia Hany

    (Economic Research Forum)

Abstract

Years of internal conflict, political instability, and inflation had already battered Sudan's economy before the recent civil war erupted in April 2023. Against this backdrop, this paper investigates income, including wage levels and inequality, in the country in 2022. We examine how households diversify their income sources as a way to build resilience, and we also explore the extent of this diversification and the contribution of each income source to overall household income. The analysis covers income and wage distributions, income diversification, and inequality in Sudan by exploring characteristics such as the household head sex, sector of employment, education level, and location. Additionally, the paper identifies the main sources of income for households in different regions and by households characteristics, and assesses how these sources contribute to income inequality. Finally, we analyze wages in both the public and private sectors, and examine the gender wage gap between and within these sectors.

Suggested Citation

  • May Gadalla & Nesma Amer & Sara Ragab & Dalia Hany, 2026. "The Main Features of Sudan Income and Wage Structure in 2022," Working Papers 1824, Economic Research Forum, revised 17 Mar 2026.
    • Handle: RePEc:erg:wpaper:1824
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://erf.org.eg/publications/the-main-features-of-sudans-income-and-wage-structure-in-2022/
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://erf.org.eg/app/uploads/2026/03/1773746014_443_2884957_1824.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. : Caroline Krafft & Ragui Assaad & Ruby Cheung, 2023. "Introducing the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022," Working Papers 1647, Economic Research Forum, revised 20 Aug 2023.
    2. Brunori, Paolo & Salas Rojo, Pedro & Verne, Paolo, 2022. "Estimating inequality with missing incomes," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 115932, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    3. Maura Francese & Mr. Carlos Mulas-Granados, 2015. "Functional Income Distribution and Its Role in Explaining Inequality," IMF Working Papers 2015/244, International Monetary Fund.
    4. Caroline Krafft & Elizabeth E. Davis, 2021. "The Arab inequality puzzle: the role of income sources in Egypt and Tunisia," Middle East Development Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(1), pages 1-26, January.
    5. Honohan, Patrick, 2006. "Household financial assets in the process of development," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3965, The World Bank.
    6. Barrett, C. B. & Reardon, T. & Webb, P., 2001. "Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: concepts, dynamics, and policy implications," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 315-331, August.
    7. Shorrocks, Anthony F, 1984. "Inequality Decomposition by Population Subgroups," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 52(6), pages 1369-1385, November.
    8. Abdulai, Awudu & CroleRees, Anna, 2001. "Determinants of income diversification amongst rural households in Southern Mali," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 437-452, August.
    9. Shorrocks, A F, 1982. "Inequality Decomposition by Factor Components," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 50(1), pages 193-211, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ndiaye, Alioune, 2021. "Diversify or Specialise? Impacts of Diversification on Household Welfare and Inequalities in Pastoral Areas in Senegal," 2021 Conference, August 17-31, 2021, Virtual 315898, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    2. Alonso-Villar, Olga & del Río, Coral, 2010. "Local versus overall segregation measures," Mathematical Social Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 60(1), pages 30-38, July.
    3. Teixidó Figueras, Jordi & Duro Moreno, Juan Antonio, 2012. "Ecological Footprint Inequality: A methodological review and some results," Working Papers 2072/203168, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Economics.
    4. Anton I. Votinov & Samvel S. Lazaryan & Vyacheslav N. Ovchinnikov, 2019. "Regression-Based Decomposition of Income Inequality Factors in Russia," Finansovyj žhurnal — Financial Journal, Financial Research Institute, Moscow 125375, Russia, issue 5, pages 74-89, October.
    5. Ana Suárez Álvarez & Ana Jesús López Menéndez, 2018. "Assessing Changes Over Time in Inequality of Opportunity: The Case of Spain," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 139(3), pages 989-1014, October.
    6. Uchimura, Hiroko, 2005. "Influence of Social Institutions on Inequality in China," IDE Discussion Papers 26, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO).
    7. Rosalba Manna & Andrea Regoli, 2012. "Regression-based approaches for the decomposition of income inequality in Italy, 1998-2008," Rivista di statistica ufficiale, ISTAT - Italian National Institute of Statistics - (Rome, ITALY), vol. 14(1), pages 5-18, October.
    8. Vellema, W. & Buritica Casanova, A. & Gonzalez, C. & D’Haese, M., 2015. "The effect of specialty coffee certification on household livelihood strategies and specialisation," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 13-25.
    9. Corral, Paul & Radchenko, Natalia, 2017. "What’s So Spatial about Diversification in Nigeria?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 231-253.
    10. SOLOGON Denisa & ALMEIDA Vanda & VAN KERM Philippe, 2019. "Accounting for the distributional effects of the 2007-2008 crisis and the Economic Adjustment Program in Portugal," LISER Working Paper Series 2019-05, Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER).
    11. Asfaw, Solomon & Scognamillo, Antonio & Caprera, Gloria Di & Sitko, Nicholas & Ignaciuk, Adriana, 2019. "Heterogeneous impact of livelihood diversification on household welfare: Cross-country evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 278-295.
    12. Francesca Battisti & Francesco Porro, 2023. "A multi-decomposition of Zenga-84 inequality index: an application to the disparity in CO $$_2$$ 2 emissions in European countries," Statistical Methods & Applications, Springer;Società Italiana di Statistica, vol. 32(3), pages 957-981, September.
    13. Weiyong YANG, 2003. "Reforms, agricultural risks and agro-industrial diversification in rural China: Evidence from Chinese Provinces," Working Papers 200318, CERDI.
    14. Tregenna, F., 2009. "The Relationship Between Unemployment and Earnings Inequality in South Africa," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 0907, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
    15. Helmy, Imane, 2020. "Livelihood Diversification Strategies: Resisting Vulnerability in Egypt," GLO Discussion Paper Series 441, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    16. Leonardo Bonilla Mejía, 2011. "Diferencias regionales en la distribución del ingreso en Colombia," Revista Sociedad y Economía, Universidad del Valle, CIDSE.
    17. Govinda P. Sharma & Ram Pandit & Ben White & Maksym Polyakov, 2020. "The income diversification strategies of smallholders in the hills of Nepal," Development Policy Review, Overseas Development Institute, vol. 38(6), pages 804-825, November.
    18. Billette de Villemeur, Etienne & Leroux, Justin, 2022. "Capturing Income Distributions and Inequality Indices Using NETs (Negative Extremal Transfers)," MPRA Paper 112660, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    19. Brewer, Mike & Wren-Lewis, Liam, 2012. "Accounting for changes in income inequality: decomposition analyses for Great Britain, 1968-2009," ISER Working Paper Series 2012-17, Institute for Social and Economic Research.
    20. Nerijus Černiauskas & Denisa M. Sologon & Cathal O’Donoghue & Linas Tarasonis, 2022. "Income Inequality and Redistribution in Lithuania: The Role of Policy, Labor Market, Income, and Demographics," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 68(S1), pages 131-166, April.

    More about this item

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:erg:wpaper:1824. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Namees Nabeel (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/erfaceg.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.