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Asymmetric monetary policy rules for the euro area and the US

Author

Listed:
  • Maih, Junior
  • Mazelis, Falk
  • Motto, Roberto
  • Ristiniemi, Annukka

Abstract

We analyse the implications of asymmetric monetary policy rules by estimating Markov-switching DSGE models for the euro area (EA) and the US. The estimations show that until mid-2014 the ECB’s response to inflation was more forceful when inflation was above 2% than below 2%. Since then, the ECB’s policy can be characterised as symmetric, and we quantify the macroeconomic implications of this policy change. We uncover asymmetries also in the Fed’s policy, which has responded more strongly in times of crisis. We compute an optimal simple rule for the EA and the US in an environment with the effective lower bound and a low neutral real rate, and find that it prescribes a stronger response to inflation and the output gap when inflation is below target compared to when it is above target. We document its stabilisation properties had this optimal rule been implemented over the last two decades. JEL Classification: E52, E58, E31, E32

Suggested Citation

  • Maih, Junior & Mazelis, Falk & Motto, Roberto & Ristiniemi, Annukka, 2021. "Asymmetric monetary policy rules for the euro area and the US," Working Paper Series 2587, European Central Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20212587
    Note: 2591813
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    Cited by:

    1. Yuki Murakami, 2025. "Time-Varying Volatility in Emerging Market Business Cycles," Working Papers 2514, Waseda University, Faculty of Political Science and Economics.
    2. Martina Cecioni & Adriana Grasso & Alessandro Notarpietro & Massimiliano Pisani, 2021. "Revisiting monetary policy objectives and strategies: international experience and challenges from the ELB," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 660, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    3. Krenz, Johanna & Živanović, Jelena, 2024. "Macroprudential capital requirements, monetary policy, and financial crises," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    4. Pang, Ke & Shiamptanis, Christos, 2024. "Is the Bank of Canada concerned about inflation or the state of the economy?," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    5. Mazelis, Falk & Motto, Roberto & Ristiniemi, Annukka, 2023. "Monetary policy strategies for the euro area: optimal rules in the presence of the ELB," Working Paper Series 2797, European Central Bank.
    6. Omotosho, Babatunde S. & Yang, Bo, 2024. "Oil price shocks and macroeconomic dynamics in resource-rich emerging economies under regime shifts," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    7. George N. Apostolakis & Nikolaos Giannellis & Athanasios P. Papadopoulos, 2023. "Macro‐financial effects of monetary policy easing," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 42(3), pages 715-738, April.
    8. Busato, Francesco & Varlese, Monica & Ulloa Severino, Claudia, 2022. "Public debt heterogeneity at country level: an empirical analysis," MPRA Paper 113812, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Gomes, Pedro & Seoane, Hernán D., 2024. "Made in Europe: Monetary–Fiscal policy mix with financial frictions," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    10. Erceg, Christopher J. & Jakab, Zoltan & Lindé, Jesper, 2021. "Monetary policy strategies for the European Central Bank," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    11. Coenen, Günter & Mazelis, Falk & Motto, Roberto & Ristiniemi, Annukka & Smets, Frank & Warne, Anders & Wouters, Raf, 2025. "Inflation and monetary policy in medium-sized New Keynesian DSGE models," Working Paper Series 3137, European Central Bank.
    12. Haavio, Markus & Heikkinen, Joni & Jalasjoki, Pirkka & Kilponen, Juha & Paloviita, Maritta & Vänni, Ilona, 2024. "Reading between the lines: Uncovering asymmetry in the central bank loss function," Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers 6/2024, Bank of Finland.
    13. Corrêa, Wilson Luiz Rotatori & Lopes, Luckas Sabioni, 2023. "Monetary policy transmission, productive activity, and inflation in Brazil: Does uncertainty matter?," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 27(C).
    14. Brand, Claus & Obstbaum, Meri & Coenen, Günter & Sondermann, David & Lydon, Reamonn & Ajevskis, Viktors & Hammermann, Felix & Angino, Siria & Hernborg, Nils & Basso, Henrique & Hertweck, Matthias & Bi, 2021. "Employment and the conduct of monetary policy in the euro area," Occasional Paper Series 275, European Central Bank.
    15. Assenmacher, Katrin & Bitter, Lea & Ristiniemi, Annukka, 2023. "CBDC and business cycle dynamics in a New Monetarist New Keynesian model," Working Paper Series 2811, European Central Bank.
    16. Cecion, Martina & Coenen, Günter & Gerke, Rafael & Le Bihan, Hervé & Motto, Roberto & Aguilar, Pablo & Ajevskis, Viktors & Giesen, Sebastian & Albertazzi, Ugo & Gilbert, Niels & Al-Haschimi, Alexander, 2021. "The ECB’s price stability framework: past experience, and current and future challenges," Occasional Paper Series 269, European Central Bank.
    17. Sun, Xiaojin & Tsang, Kwok Ping, 2023. "Yield curve and the macroeconomy: Evidence from a DSGE model with housing," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    18. Lucian Briciu & Stefan Hohberger & Luca Onorante & Beatrice Pataracchia & Marco Ratto & Lukas Vogel, 2023. "The ECB Strategy Review - Implications for the Space of Monetary Policy," European Economy - Discussion Papers 193, Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission.
    19. Ait Benasser, Youssef, 2025. "Evaluating the symmetry of trade policy: Evidence from liberalization reversals," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 31(C).
    20. Sophia Kazinnik & Tara M. Sinclair, 2025. "FOMC In Silico: A Multi-Agent System for Monetary Policy Decision Modeling," Working Papers 2025-005, The George Washington University, The Center for Economic Research.

    More about this item

    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • E52 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Monetary Policy
    • E58 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Central Banks and Their Policies
    • E31 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
    • E32 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - Business Fluctuations; Cycles

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