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The Effect of Unconventional Monetary Policy on Cross‐Border Bank Loans: Evidence from an Emerging Market

Author

Listed:
  • Koray Alper

    (Government of the Republic of Turkey - Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey)

  • Fatih Altunok

    (Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey)

  • Tanju Çapacıoğlu

    (Central Bank of Turkey)

  • Steven Ongena

    (University of Zurich - Department of Banking and Finance; Swiss Finance Institute; KU Leuven; Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR))

Abstract

We analyze the impact of quantitative easing by the Federal Reserve, European Central Bank and Bank of England on cross‐border credit flows. Relying on comprehensive loan‐level data, we find that Fed QE strongly boosts cross‐border credit granted to Turkish banks by banks located in the US, Euro Area and UK, while ECB and BoE QEs work only moderately through banks in the EA and UK, respectively. In general QE works at short maturities across bank locations and loan currencies, more strongly for weaker lenders and borrowers, and may have resulted in maturity mismatches in Turkish banks searching for yield.

Suggested Citation

  • Koray Alper & Fatih Altunok & Tanju Çapacıoğlu & Steven Ongena, 2019. "The Effect of Unconventional Monetary Policy on Cross‐Border Bank Loans: Evidence from an Emerging Market," Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper Series 19-38, Swiss Finance Institute.
    • Handle: RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp1938
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    Cited by:

    1. Albertazzi, Ugo & Becker, Bo & Boucinha, Miguel, 2021. "Portfolio rebalancing and the transmission of large-scale asset purchase programs: Evidence from the Euro area," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 48(C).
    2. Temesvary, Judit & Ongena, Steven & Owen, Ann L., 2018. "A global lending channel unplugged? Does U.S. monetary policy affect cross-border and affiliate lending by global U.S. banks?," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 50-69.
    3. Kábrt, Tomáš & Brůna, Karel, 2022. "Asymmetric effects of foreign capital on income inequality: The case of the Post-China 16 countries," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 613-626.
    4. Előd Takáts & Judit Temesvary, 2017. "Can macroprudential measures make cross-border lending more resilient?," BIS Working Papers 683, Bank for International Settlements.
    5. Mistak, Jakub & Ozkan, F. Gulcin, 2024. "Asymmetric monetary policy spillovers: the role of supply chains, credit networks and fear of floating," Working Paper Series 2995, European Central Bank.
    6. Anh Nguyet Vu, 2025. "The impact of conventional and unconventional monetary policies on loan default risk—Evidence from UK peer‐to‐peer lending platforms," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 30(1), pages 242-260, January.
    7. Takáts, Előd & Temesvary, Judit, 2020. "The currency dimension of the bank lending channel in international monetary transmission," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    8. Elöd Takáts & Judit Temesvary, 2019. "Can Macroprudential Measures Make Cross-Border Lending More Resilient? Lessons from the Taper Tantrum," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 15(1), pages 61-105, March.
    9. Takáts, Előd & Temesvary, Judit, 2021. "How does the interaction of macroprudential and monetary policies affect cross-border bank lending?," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    10. Ayca Topaloglu-Bozkurt & Tuba Pelin Sumer & Suheyla Ozyildirim, 2025. "Banks’ Cross-Border Borrowing and Currency Shock: Evidence from an Emerging Economy," Working Papers 2513, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
    11. Akgündüz, Yusuf Emre & Cılasun, Seyit Mümin & Dursun-de Neef, H. Özlem & Hacıhasanoğlu, Yavuz Selim & Yarba, Ibrahim, 2025. "Foreign bank lending during COVID-19," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
    12. Giansante, Simone & Fatouh, Mahmoud & Ongena, Steven, 2022. "The asset reallocation channel of quantitative easing. The case of the UK," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    13. Avdjiev, Stefan & Serena, Jose Maria, 2025. "Banks’ market capital and the international risk taking channel of US monetary policy," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    14. Paola Morales-Acevedo, 2019. "Spillover Effects of Foreign Monetary Policy on the Foreign Indebtedness of Banks and Corporations," IHEID Working Papers 17-2019, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies, revised 05 Nov 2019.
    15. Burietz, Aurore & Picault, Matthieu, 2023. "To lend or not to lend? The ECB as the ‘intermediary of last resort’," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 122(C).
    16. Agénor, Pierre-Richard & Jackson, Timothy P. & Pereira da Silva, Luiz A., 2024. "Cross-border regulatory spillovers and macroprudential policy coordination," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • E44 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
    • E52 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Monetary Policy
    • F42 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - International Policy Coordination and Transmission
    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages

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