IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/bdr/borrec/1041.html

¿Cuánto tributan efectivamente el consumo, el trabajo y el capital en Colombia?

Author

Listed:

Abstract

Saber cuánto tributan efectivamente los consumidores, trabajadores y propietarios del capital es importante para entender el impacto de los impuestos sobre sus decisiones, los costos de producción, la inversión, el ciclo y el crecimiento económico y la distribución de la carga tributaria. A la vez, es crítico para el estudio de tributación óptima y la toma de decisiones de política tributaria. El objetivo del documento es calcular, para Colombia, las tasas efectivas promedio de tributación brutas y netas sobre el consumo y los ingresos de los factores de producción, trabajo y capital, en el período comprendido entre 1994 y 2016. Además, con el fin de obtener una medida completa de la carga tributaria efectiva total del país, también se estima la tasa sobre el resto de impuestos, técnicamente no clasificados en las anteriores categorías. Las principales conclusiones son, primero, las tasas de tributación estatutarias o nominales no reflejan fielmente la carga de impuestos sobre consumidores, trabajadores y propietarios del capital. Segundo, la tasa efectiva neta sobre el trabajo se ubica por encima de aquella sobre el capital a lo largo de la muestra, excepto a partir de 2015. Tercero, las tasas son relativamente bajas, comparadas con aquellas reportadas para los países de la OECD, en particular, sobre el consumo y los ingresos de los hogares, lo que indica que la carga tributaria no está bien repartida. Cuarto, existen cuantiosos gastos de consumo e ingresos del trabajo y del capital en la economía que no pagan impuestos, o pagan menos de lo que ordena la normatividad, como se puede inferir de las diferencias entre las tasas efectivas y nominales. Las razones están relacionadas con los beneficios tributarios, la elusión y la evasión. Quinto, las contribuciones sobre la nómina y los aportes a la seguridad social representan la carga más importante sobre el trabajo. Las implicaciones de política son inmediatas: las autoridades deben ser cuidadosas a la hora de tomar decisiones de política tributaria basadas en las tasas nominales. Deben eliminar los beneficios tributarios que no tengan soporte técnico. Las razones van desde la neutralidad, pasando por la eficiencia, eficacia, simplicidad, productividad, hasta la equidad, elementos requeridos por un buen sistema tributario. También, fortalecer los instrumentos para evitar la elusión y eliminar la evasión, dos verdades redundantes. Si lo anterior se logra, las tasas nominales reflejarán ciertamente la carga tributaria. Por tanto, existe un gran espacio para aumentar la recaudación, sin que se supongan cambios de las tasas estatutarias. Por último, pero no por ello menos importante, si se eliminaran las contribuciones sobre la nómina, la carga tributaria sobre el trabajo se reduciría 13%. Por otro lado, si se redujeran los aportes a la seguridad social el alivio sería aún mayor. *** Knowing how much consumers, workers and owners of capital are effectively taxed is important to understand the impact of taxes on their decisions, production costs, investment, the business cycle and economic growth and the distribution of the tax burden. At the same time, it is critical for the study of optimal taxation and the decision making of tax policy. The objective of this paper is to calculate the gross and net average effective tax rates on the income of the factors of production, labor and capital, and consumption, for Colombia in the period between 1994 and 2016. In addition, in order to obtain a complete measure of the effective total tax burden in the economy, the rate is also calculated on the rest of the taxes, technically not classified in the previous categories. The main conclusions are, first, statutory or nominal tax rates do not faithfully reflect the tax burden on consumers, workers and owners of capital. Second, the effective net rate on labor is higher than that on capital throughout the sample, except as of 2015. Third, the rates are relatively low, compared with those reported for OECD countries, in particular, on consumption and household income, which indicates that the tax burden is not well distributed. Fourth, there are large consumption expenditures and income from labor and capital in the economy that do not pay taxes, or pay less than what the regulations mandate, as can be inferred from the differences between the effective and nominal rates. The reasons are related to tax benefits, avoidance and evasion. Fifth, payroll and social security contributions represent the most important tax burden on work. The policy implications are immediate: Authorities must be careful when making tax policy decisions based on nominal rates. They must eliminate the tax benefits that do not have technical support. The reasons range from neutrality, through efficiency, effectiveness, simplicity, productivity, to equity, elements required by a good tax system. Also, strengthen the instruments to avoid tax circumvention and eliminate tax evasion, two redundant truths. If the above is achieved, the nominal rates will certainly reflect the tax burden. Therefore, there is a large space to increase tax revenues, without changing the statutory rates. Last but not least, if payroll contributions were eliminated, the tax burden on labor income would be reduced by 13%. On the other hand, if the contributions to social security were reduced, the relief on the cost of the labor factor would be even greater.

Suggested Citation

  • Hernán Rincón-Castro & Martha Elena Delgado-Rojas, 2018. "¿Cuánto tributan efectivamente el consumo, el trabajo y el capital en Colombia?," Borradores de Economia 1041, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
  • Handle: RePEc:bdr:borrec:1041
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/bitstream/handle/20.500.12134/7807/be_1041.pdf?utm_source=RePec&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=BE&utm_content=BE_1041
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Berkelaar, Arjan & Kouwenberg, Roy, 2003. "Retirement saving with contribution payments and labor income as a benchmark for investments," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 27(6), pages 1069-1097, April.
    2. David Carey & Harry Tchilinguirian, 2000. "Average Effective Tax Rates on Capital, Labour and Consumption," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 258, OECD Publishing.
    3. Edward C. Prescott, 2004. "Why do Americans work so much more than Europeans?," Quarterly Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, vol. 28(Jul), pages 2-13.
    4. Atkinson, A. B. & Bourguignon, F., 1990. "The design of direct taxation and family benefits," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 41(1), pages 3-29, February.
    5. Lina Marcela Osorio-Copete, 2016. "Reforma tributaria e informalidad laboral en Colombia: Un análisis de equilibrio general dinámico y estocástico," Revista ESPE - Ensayos Sobre Política Económica, Banco de la República, vol. 34(80), pages 126-145.
    6. Kenneth J. McKenzie & Ergete Ferede, 2017. "The Incidence of the Corporate Income Tax on Wages: Evidence from Canadian Provinces," SPP Research Papers, The School of Public Policy, University of Calgary, vol. 10(7), April.
    7. James M. Poterba (ed.), 2006. "Tax Policy and the Economy, Volume 20," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262661985, December.
    8. Jones, John Bailey, 2002. "Has fiscal policy helped stabilize the postwar U.S. economy?," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(4), pages 709-746, May.
    9. Barro, Robert J & Sahasakul, Chaipat, 1986. "Average Marginal Tax Rates from Social Security and the Individual Income Tax," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 59(4), pages 555-566, October.
    10. Liu, Li & Altshuler, Rosanne, 2013. "Measuring the Burden of the Corporate Income Tax Under Imperfect Competition," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 66(1), pages 215-237, March.
    11. Hernando José Gómez R. & Roberto Steiner, 2015. "La reforma tributaria y su impacto sobre la tasa efectiva de tributación de las firmas en Colombia," Coyuntura Económica, Fedesarrollo, vol. 45(1), pages 13-45.
    12. Mendoza, Enrique G. & Razin, Assaf & Tesar, Linda L., 1994. "Effective tax rates in macroeconomics: Cross-country estimates of tax rates on factor incomes and consumption," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 297-323, December.
    13. Lucas, Robert E, Jr, 1990. "Supply-Side Economics: An Analytical Review," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 42(2), pages 293-316, April.
    14. Razin, Assaf & Sadka, Efraim, 1993. "The Economy of Modern Israel," University of Chicago Press Economics Books, University of Chicago Press, edition 1, number 9780226705897, September.
    15. Mervyn A. King & Don Fullerton, 1984. "The United Kingdom," NBER Chapters, in: The Taxation of Income from Capital: A Comparative Study of the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Germany, pages 31-86, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    16. A. B. Atkinson, 2009. "Factor shares: the principal problem of political economy?," Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Oxford University Press and Oxford Review of Economic Policy Limited, vol. 25(1), pages 3-16, Spring.
    17. Alan J. Auerbach, 2006. "Who Bears the Corporate Tax? A Review of What We Know," NBER Chapters, in: Tax Policy and the Economy, Volume 20, pages 1-40, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    18. A. J. Auerbach & M. Feldstein (ed.), 2002. "Handbook of Public Economics," Handbook of Public Economics, Elsevier, edition 1, volume 3, number 3.
    19. Mervyn A. King & Don Fullerton, 1984. "The Taxation of Income from Capital: A Comparative Study of the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Germany," NBER Books, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number king84-1.
    20. Mervyn A. King & Don Fullerton, 1984. "Introduction to "The Taxation of Income from Capital: A Comparative Study of the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Germany"," NBER Chapters, in: The Taxation of Income from Capital: A Comparative Study of the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Germany, pages 1-6, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    21. A. J. Auerbach & M. Feldstein (ed.), 2002. "Handbook of Public Economics," Handbook of Public Economics, Elsevier, edition 1, volume 4, number 4.
    22. Richard Disney, 2004. "Are contributions to public pension programmes a tax on employment? [‘Welfare state and competitiveness’]," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 19(39), pages 268-311.
    23. Mervyn A. King & Don Fullerton, 1984. "The United States," NBER Chapters, in: The Taxation of Income from Capital: A Comparative Study of the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Germany, pages 193-267, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    24. Judd, Kenneth L., 1985. "Redistributive taxation in a simple perfect foresight model," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 59-83, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ignacio Lozano-Espitia & Fernando Arias-Rodríguez & Jesus Bejarano & Andres Gonzalez & Clark Granger-Castaño & Franz Hamann & Yurany Hernández-Turca & Juan Manuel Julio-Román & Martha López & Juan C. , 2019. "La política fiscal y la estabilización macroeconómica en Colombia," Revista ESPE - Ensayos sobre Política Económica, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, issue 90, pages 1-60, April.
    2. Víctor Mauricio Castaneda Rodríguez & Jairo Orlando Villabona-Robayo, 2020. "El impuesto sobre la renta empresarial en Colombia: su tasa efectiva y su relación con la inversión," Apuntes del Cenes, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, vol. 39(70), pages 183-205.
    3. Martha Elena Delgado-Rojas & Hernán Rincón-Castro, 2017. "Incertidumbre acerca de la política fiscal y ciclo económico," Borradores de Economia 1008, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
    4. A García-Suaza & M G�mez & F Jaramillo, 2021. "Fiscal policy and informality in Colombia," Documentos de trabajo - Alianza EFI 19416, Alianza EFI.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Daphne Chen & Shi Qi & Don Schlagenhauf, 2018. "Corporate Income Tax, Legal Form of Organization, and Employment," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 10(4), pages 270-304, October.
    2. Persson, Torsten & Tabellini, Guido, 2002. "Political economics and public finance," Handbook of Public Economics, in: A. J. Auerbach & M. Feldstein (ed.), Handbook of Public Economics, edition 1, volume 3, chapter 24, pages 1549-1659, Elsevier.
    3. Easterly, William & Rebelo, Sergio, 1993. "Fiscal policy and economic growth: An empirical investigation," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 417-458, December.
    4. Philip Bunn & Garry Young, 2004. "Corporate capital structure in the United Kingdom: determinants and adjustment," Bank of England working papers 226, Bank of England.
    5. Mendoza, Enrique G. & Razin, Assaf & Tesar, Linda L., 1994. "Effective tax rates in macroeconomics: Cross-country estimates of tax rates on factor incomes and consumption," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 297-323, December.
    6. Stacie Beck & Alexis Chaves, 2011. "The Impacts of Various Taxes on Foreign Direct Investment," Working Papers 11-18, University of Delaware, Department of Economics.
    7. Kenneth McKenzie, 2008. "Measuring tax incentives for R&D," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 15(5), pages 563-581, October.
    8. Gerd, Rico A. Gutekunst & Und Lothar Hermann & Lammersen, 2003. "Deutschland ist kein Niedrigsteuerland – eine Replik auf den Beitrag von Hettich und Schmidt*und ein Beitrag zur (Er‐)Klärung der Methoden zur Messung der Unternehmenssteuerbelastung," Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, Verein für Socialpolitik, vol. 4(1), pages 123-136, February.
    9. Tobias Lindhe & Jan Södersten, 2016. "Dividend Taxation and the Cost of New Share Issues," FinanzArchiv: Public Finance Analysis, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, vol. 72(2), pages 158-174, June.
    10. James Alm & Mir Ahmad Khan, 2017. "Tax Policy Effects on Business Incentives in Pakistan," Working Papers 1705, Tulane University, Department of Economics.
    11. Almas Heshmati & Dan Johansson & Carl Magnus Bjuggren, 2010. "Effective Corporate Tax Rates and the Size Distribution of Firms," Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, Springer, vol. 10(3), pages 297-317, September.
    12. Engen, Eric M. & Skinner, Jonathan, 1996. "Taxation and Economic Growth," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 49(4), pages 617-642, December.
    13. Michael P. Devereux, 2003. "Measuring Taxes on Income from Capital," CESifo Working Paper Series 962, CESifo.
    14. Fischer, Leonie & Heckemeyer, Jost H. & Spengel, Christoph & Steinbrenner, Daniela, 2021. "Tax policies in a transition to a knowledge-based economy: The effective tax burden of companies and highly skilled labour," ZEW Discussion Papers 21-096, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    15. Magnus Henrekson & Tino Sanandaji, 2011. "Entrepreneurship and the theory of taxation," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 37(2), pages 167-185, September.
    16. Gebhardt Heinz & Siemers Lars-H. R., 2017. "Die relative Steuerbelastung mittelständischer Kapitalgesellschaften: Evidenz von handelsbilanziellen Mikrodaten," Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik, De Gruyter, vol. 66(1), pages 1-35, April.
    17. Steven J. Davis & Magnus Henrekson, 2010. "Economic Performance and Market Work Activity in Sweden After the Crisis of the Early 1990s," NBER Chapters, in: Reforming the Welfare State: Recovery and Beyond in Sweden, pages 225-252, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    18. Michael Funke & Holger Strulik, 2005. "BOFIT Discussion Papers - Taxation, growth and welfare: Dynamic effects of Estonia’s income tax act," Money Macro and Finance (MMF) Research Group Conference 2005 55, Money Macro and Finance Research Group.
    19. Dustin L. Swonder & Damián Vergara, 2025. "A Sufficient Statistics Approach to Optimal Corporate Taxes," NBER Working Papers 34517, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    20. Sarah Perret, 2021. "Why were most wealth taxes abandoned and is this time different?," Fiscal Studies, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 42(3-4), pages 539-563, September.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • E62 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Fiscal Policy; Modern Monetary Theory
    • H22 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Incidence
    • H24 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
    • H25 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Business Taxes and Subsidies

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bdr:borrec:1041. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Clorith Angélica Bahos Olivera (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/brcgvco.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.