IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/bdi/wpmisp/mip_038_23.html

Making it through the (crypto) winter: facts, figures and policy issues

Author

Listed:
  • Guerino Ardizzi

    (Bank of Italy)

  • Marco Bevilacqua

    (Bank of Italy)

  • Emanuela Cerrato

    (Bank of Italy)

  • Alberto Di Iorio

    (Bank of Italy)

Abstract

The prices of crypto-assets have risen very steeply in recent years, attracting the interest of retail and institutional investors. More recently, the market has experienced a sharp decline in prices, also influenced by idiosyncratic events and tighter global fi nancial conditions. Starting from the main events that unfolded in the crypto-asset market in 2022, this paper examines the challenges regulation faces, as well as the drivers of the most recent regulatory developments, and then highlights the remaining open issues.

Suggested Citation

  • Guerino Ardizzi & Marco Bevilacqua & Emanuela Cerrato & Alberto Di Iorio, 2023. "Making it through the (crypto) winter: facts, figures and policy issues," Mercati, infrastrutture, sistemi di pagamento (Markets, Infrastructures, Payment Systems) 38, Bank of Italy, Directorate General for Markets and Payment System.
  • Handle: RePEc:bdi:wpmisp:mip_038_23
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/mercati-infrastrutture-e-sistemi-di-pagamento/approfondimenti/2023-038/N.38-MISP.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Fabian Schär, 2021. "Decentralized Finance: On Blockchain- and Smart Contract-Based Financial Markets," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, vol. 103(2), pages 153-174, April.
    2. Raphael A. Auer, 2022. "Embedded Supervision: How to Build Regulation into Decentralised Finance," CESifo Working Paper Series 9771, CESifo.
    3. Miroslav N. Jovanović, 2022. "Economic Sanctions: Disappointing Old Wine in New Bottles," Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, vol. 75(4), pages 545-576.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. repec:bdi:wptemi:misp_038_23 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Volker Brühl, 2025. "How will the digital euro work? A preliminary analysis of design, structures, and challenges," Electronic Markets, Springer;IIM University of St. Gallen, vol. 35(1), pages 1-12, December.
    3. Vincent Gramlich & Tobias Guggenberger & Marc Principato & Benjamin Schellinger & Nils Urbach, 2023. "A multivocal literature review of decentralized finance: Current knowledge and future research avenues," Electronic Markets, Springer;IIM University of St. Gallen, vol. 33(1), pages 1-37, December.
    4. Eduard Romulus Goean & Xavier Font & Yu Xiong & Susanne Becken & Jonathan L. Chenoweth & Lorenzo Fioramonti & James Higham & Amit Kumar Jaiswal & Jhuma Sadhukhan & Ya-Yen Sun & Horst Treiblmaier & Sen, 2024. "Using the Blockchain to Reduce Carbon Emissions in the Visitor Economy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-11, May.
    5. repec:osf:osfxxx:tn5rx_v1 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Mansoureh Beheshti Nejad & Seyed Mahmoud Zanjirchi & Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini Bamakan & Negar Jalilian, 2024. "Blockchain Adoption in Operations Management: A Systematic Literature Review of 14 Years of Research," Annals of Data Science, Springer, vol. 11(4), pages 1361-1389, August.
    7. Ugolini, Andrea & Reboredo, Juan C. & Mensi, Walid, 2023. "Connectedness between DeFi, cryptocurrency, stock, and safe-haven assets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    8. Ravi Kashyap, 2023. "DeFi Security: Turning The Weakest Link Into The Strongest Attraction," Papers 2312.00033, arXiv.org.
    9. Gang Kou & Yang Lu, 2025. "FinTech: a literature review of emerging financial technologies and applications," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 11(1), pages 1-34, December.
    10. Goldberg, Mitchell & Schär, Fabian, 2023. "Metaverse governance: An empirical analysis of voting within Decentralized Autonomous Organizations," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    11. Albina Gaisina & Matthias Finger, 2025. "Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs): a countermeasure to Anti-Money Laundering (AML) challenges posed by cryptocurrencies?," Digital Finance, Springer, vol. 7(2), pages 201-254, June.
    12. Saengchote, Kanis, 2023. "Decentralized lending and its users: Insights from compound," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    13. Tim Weingärtner & Fabian Fasser & Pedro Reis Sá da Costa & Walter Farkas, 2023. "Deciphering DeFi: A Comprehensive Analysis and Visualization of Risks in Decentralized Finance," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-25, October.
    14. Billah, Mabruk & Enamul Hoque, Mohammad & Hadhri, Sinda & Do, Hung Xuan, 2025. "Tail risk connectedness between DeFi and Islamic assets and their determinants," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    15. Karim Zkik & Anass Sebbar & Oumaima Fadi & Sachin Kamble & Amine Belhadi, 2024. "Securing blockchain-based crowdfunding platforms: an integrated graph neural networks and machine learning approach," Electronic Commerce Research, Springer, vol. 24(1), pages 497-533, March.
    16. Diana Marleny Ramirez-Ramirez & Alejandro Valencia-Arias & Jackeline Valencia & Sebastian Cardona-Acevedo & Maria Camila Bermeo-Giraldo, 2026. "Blockchain and Decentralized Finance: A Systematic Review of the Transformation of Financial Services," Economic Alternatives, University of National and World Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria, issue 1, pages 233-255, March.
    17. Luca Fantacci & Lucio Gobbi & Dario Luciani, 2022. "Bene pubblico globale o arma finanziaria? L'egemonia del dollaro alla prova delle sanzioni (Global public good or financial weapon? Dollar hegemony to the test of sanctions)," Moneta e Credito, Economia civile, vol. 75(298), pages 123-147.
    18. Katja Neugebauer & João Almeida & João Alves & Carlos Bettencourt & Maria Bettencourt & Madalena Borges & Filipa Castilho & Sónia Correia & Gisela Fonseca & Mariana Júdice & André Leal & Afonso Marque, 2024. "Occasional paper on Decentralised Finance," Working Papers o202402, Banco de Portugal, Economics and Research Department.
    19. Kreppmeier, Julia & Laschinger, Ralf & Steininger, Bertram I. & Dorfleitner, Gregor, 2023. "Real estate security token offerings and the secondary market: Driven by crypto hype or fundamentals?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    20. Şoiman, Florentina & Dumas, Jean-Guillaume & Jimenez-Garces, Sonia, 2023. "What drives DeFi market returns?," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
    21. Francesca Carapella & Nathan Swem, 2022. "Decentralized Finance (DeFi): Transformative Potential & Associated Risks," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2022-057, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    22. Carlo Gola & Valentina Cappa & Patrizio Fiorenza & Paolo Granata & Federica Laurino & Lorenzo Lesina & Francesco Lorizzo & Gabriele Marcelli, 2023. "The governance of blockchains and system based on distributed ledger technology," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 773, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • G23 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors
    • K29 - Law and Economics - - Regulation and Business Law - - - Other
    • O33 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bdi:wpmisp:mip_038_23. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: the person in charge (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/bdigvit.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.