IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/arx/papers/2602.23482.html

Testing Hypotheses About Ratios of Linear Trend Slopes in Systems of Equations with a Focus on Tests of Equal Trend Ratios

Author

Listed:
  • Timothy J. Vogelsang

Abstract

This paper develops inference methods for ratios of deterministic trend slopes in systems of pairs of time series. Hypotheses based on linear cross-equation restrictions are considered with particular interest in tests that trend ratios are equal across pairs of trending series. Tests of equal ratios can be used for the empirical assessment of climate models through comparisons of trend ratios (amplification ratios) of model generated temperature series and observed temperature series. The analysis in this paper builds on the estimation and inference methods developed by Vogelsang and Nawaz (2017, Journal of Time Series Analysis) for a single pair of trending time series. Because estimators of ratios can have poor finite sample properties when the trend slope are small relative to variation around the trends, tests of equal trend ratios are restated in terms of products of trend slopes leading to inference that is less affected by small trend slopes. Asymptotic theory is developed that can be used to generate critical values. For tests of equal trend ratios, finite sample performance is assessed using simulations. Practical advice is provided for empirical practitioners. An empirical application compares amplification ratios (trend ratios) across a set of five groups of observed global temperature series.

Suggested Citation

  • Timothy J. Vogelsang, 2026. "Testing Hypotheses About Ratios of Linear Trend Slopes in Systems of Equations with a Focus on Tests of Equal Trend Ratios," Papers 2602.23482, arXiv.org.
    • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2602.23482
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.23482
    File Function: Latest version
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Michael Jansson, 2004. "The Error in Rejection Probability of Simple Autocorrelation Robust Tests," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 72(3), pages 937-946, May.
    2. Eben Lazarus & Daniel J. Lewis & James H. Stock, 2021. "The Size‐Power Tradeoff in HAR Inference," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 89(5), pages 2497-2516, September.
    3. Douglas Staiger & James H. Stock, 1997. "Instrumental Variables Regression with Weak Instruments," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 65(3), pages 557-586, May.
    4. Kiefer, Nicholas M. & Vogelsang, Timothy J., 2005. "A New Asymptotic Theory For Heteroskedasticity-Autocorrelation Robust Tests," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 21(6), pages 1130-1164, December.
    5. Bunzel, Helle & Vogelsang, Timothy J., 2005. "Powerful Trend Function Tests That Are Robust to Strong Serial Correlation, With an Application to the Prebisch-Singer Hypothesis," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 23, pages 381-394, October.
    6. Yixiao Sun & Peter C. B. Phillips & Sainan Jin, 2008. "Optimal Bandwidth Selection in Heteroskedasticity-Autocorrelation Robust Testing," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 76(1), pages 175-194, January.
    7. Yixiao Sun, 2014. "Fixed‐Smoothing Asymptotics in a Two‐Step Generalized Method of Moments Framework," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 82, pages 2327-2370, November.
    8. Andrews, Donald W K, 1991. "Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 59(3), pages 817-858, May.
    9. Pierre Perron & Eduardo Zorita & Timothy J. Vogelsang & Nasreen Nawaz, 2017. "Estimation and Inference of Linear Trend Slope Ratios With an Application to Global Temperature Data," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(5), pages 640-667, September.
    10. Eben Lazarus & Daniel J. Lewis & James H. Stock & Mark W. Watson, 2018. "HAR Inference: Recommendations for Practice Rejoinder," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 36(4), pages 574-575, October.
    11. Eben Lazarus & Daniel J. Lewis & James H. Stock & Mark W. Watson, 2018. "HAR Inference: Recommendations for Practice," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 36(4), pages 541-559, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Casini, Alessandro, 2024. "The fixed-b limiting distribution and the ERP of HAR tests under nonstationarity," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 238(2).
    2. Demetrescu, Matei & Hanck, Christoph & Kruse-Becher, Robinson, 2026. "Robust Fixed-b Inference in the Presence of Time-Varying Volatility," Econometrics and Statistics, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 154-173.
    3. Hirukawa, Masayuki, 2023. "Robust Covariance Matrix Estimation in Time Series: A Review," Econometrics and Statistics, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 36-61.
    4. Pierre Perron & Eduardo Zorita & Timothy J. Vogelsang & Nasreen Nawaz, 2017. "Estimation and Inference of Linear Trend Slope Ratios With an Application to Global Temperature Data," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(5), pages 640-667, September.
    5. Hwang, Jungbin & Valdés, Gonzalo, 2023. "Finite-sample corrected inference for two-step GMM in time series," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 234(1), pages 327-352.
    6. Yang, Jingjing & Vogelsang, Timothy J., 2025. "A bias reduced long run variance estimator with a new first-order kernel," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 252(C).
    7. Jungbin Hwang & Gonzalo Valdés, 2020. "Low Frequency Cointegrating Regression in the Presence of Local to Unity Regressors and Unknown Form of Serial Dependence," Working papers 2020-03, University of Connecticut, Department of Economics, revised Aug 2020.
    8. Federico Belotti & Alessandro Casini & Leopoldo Catania & Stefano Grassi & Pierre Perron, 2023. "Simultaneous bandwidths determination for DK-HAC estimators and long-run variance estimation in nonparametric settings," Econometric Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 42(3), pages 281-306, February.
    9. Ulrich Hounyo & Min Seong Kim, 2025. "Robust Two-Sample Mean Inference under Serial Dependence," Papers 2512.11259, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2025.
    10. Casini, Alessandro, 2023. "Theory of evolutionary spectra for heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation robust inference in possibly misspecified and nonstationary models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 235(2), pages 372-392.
    11. Eben Lazarus & Daniel J. Lewis & James H. Stock, 2021. "The Size‐Power Tradeoff in HAR Inference," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 89(5), pages 2497-2516, September.
    12. Yixiao Sun & Xuexin Wang, 2019. "An Asymptotically F-Distributed Chow Test in the Presence of Heteroscedasticity and Autocorrelation," Papers 1911.03771, arXiv.org.
    13. Jungbin Hwang & Gonzalo Valdés, 2025. "HAR Inference for Quantile Regression in Time Series," Working papers 2025-03, University of Connecticut, Department of Economics, revised Mar 2026.
    14. Pellatt, Daniel F. & Sun, Yixiao, 2023. "Asymptotic F test in regressions with observations collected at high frequency over long span," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 235(2), pages 1281-1309.
    15. Casini, Alessandro & Perron, Pierre, 2024. "Prewhitened long-run variance estimation robust to nonstationarity," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 242(1).
    16. Hwang, Taeyoon & Vogelsang, Timothy J., 2024. "Some fixed-b results for regressions with high frequency data over long spans," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 244(2).
    17. Pellatt , Daniel & Sun, Yixiao, 2020. "Asymptotic F test in Regressions with Observations Collected at High Frequency over Long Span," University of California at San Diego, Economics Working Paper Series qt19f0d9wz, Department of Economics, UC San Diego.
    18. Kolokotrones, Thomas & Stock, James H. & Walker, Christopher D., 2024. "Is Newey–West optimal among first-order kernels?," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 240(2).
    19. Koichiro Moriya & Akihiko Noda, 2026. "Finite-Sample Properties of Model Specification Tests for Multivariate Dynamic Regression Models," Papers 2601.21272, arXiv.org, revised Apr 2026.
    20. Xu, Ke-Li, 2012. "Robustifying multivariate trend tests to nonstationary volatility," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 169(2), pages 147-154.

    More about this item

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2602.23482. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: arXiv administrators (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://arxiv.org/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.