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Poverty and Perceptions of Electoral Integrity in the U.S

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  • Douglas Cumming
  • Sofia Johan
  • Ikenna Uzuegbunam

Abstract

We propose two opposing forces that impact the relation between electoral integrity and poverty. On the one hand, it is more costly to provide electoral integrity in states where there is more poverty due to transaction costs and opportunity costs. On the other hand, extreme levels of poverty attract media scrutiny and greater external monitoring of electoral integrity, giving rise to more demand for electoral integrity. Taken together, we expect electoral integrity to be a U-shaped function of poverty. We also hypothesize that electoral integrity will vary depending on the strength of state electoral laws. Expert-level survey data on electoral integrity from the 2016 U.S. Presidential election and the 2018 U.S. congressional election, in combination with U.S. state-level data on poverty are strongly consistent with these predictions.

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  • Douglas Cumming & Sofia Johan & Ikenna Uzuegbunam, 2025. "Poverty and Perceptions of Electoral Integrity in the U.S," Papers 2509.15343, arXiv.org.
    • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2509.15343
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