IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/arx/papers/1404.7314.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Nonlinear Valuation under Collateral, Credit Risk and Funding Costs: A Numerical Case Study Extending Black-Scholes

Author

Listed:
  • Damiano Brigo
  • Qing Liu
  • Andrea Pallavicini
  • David Sloth

Abstract

We develop an arbitrage-free framework for consistent valuation of derivative trades with collateralization, counterparty credit gap risk, and funding costs, following the approach first proposed by Pallavicini and co-authors in 2011. Based on the risk-neutral pricing principle, we derive a general pricing equation where Credit, Debit, Liquidity and Funding Valuation Adjustments (CVA, DVA, LVA and FVA) are introduced by simply modifying the payout cash-flows of the deal. Funding costs and specific close-out procedures at default break the bilateral nature of the deal price and render the valuation problem a non-linear and recursive one. CVA and FVA are in general not really additive adjustments, and the risk for double counting is concrete. We introduce a new adjustment, called a Non-linearity Valuation Adjustment (NVA), to address double-counting. The theoretical risk free rate disappears from our final equations. The framework can be tailored also to CCP trading under initial and variation margins, as explained in detail in Brigo and Pallavicini (2014). In particular, we allow for asymmetric collateral and funding rates, replacement close-out and re-hypothecation. The valuation equation takes the form of a backward stochastic differential equation or semi-linear partial differential equation, and can be cast as a set of iterative equations that can be solved by least-squares Monte Carlo. We propose such a simulation algorithm in a case study involving a generalization of the benchmark model of Black and Scholes for option pricing. Our numerical results confirm that funding risk has a non-trivial impact on the deal price, and that double counting matters too. We conclude the article with an analysis of large scale implications of non-linearity of the pricing equations.

Suggested Citation

  • Damiano Brigo & Qing Liu & Andrea Pallavicini & David Sloth, 2014. "Nonlinear Valuation under Collateral, Credit Risk and Funding Costs: A Numerical Case Study Extending Black-Scholes," Papers 1404.7314, arXiv.org.
    • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:1404.7314
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1404.7314
    File Function: Latest version
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Carriere, Jacques F., 1996. "Valuation of the early-exercise price for options using simulations and nonparametric regression," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 19(1), pages 19-30, December.
    2. Masaaki Fujii & Akihiko Takahashi, 2010. "Choice of Collateral Currency," CARF F-Series CARF-F-239, Center for Advanced Research in Finance, Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo.
    3. Andrea Pallavicini & Daniele Perini & Damiano Brigo, 2011. "Funding Valuation Adjustment: a consistent framework including CVA, DVA, collateral,netting rules and re-hypothecation," Papers 1112.1521, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2011.
    4. Damiano Brigo & Andrea Pallavicini & Vasileios Papatheodorou, 2011. "Arbitrage-Free Valuation Of Bilateral Counterparty Risk For Interest-Rate Products: Impact Of Volatilities And Correlations," International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance (IJTAF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 14(06), pages 773-802.
    5. Andrea Pallavicini & Daniele Perini & Damiano Brigo, 2012. "Funding, Collateral and Hedging: uncovering the mechanics and the subtleties of funding valuation adjustments," Papers 1210.3811, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2012.
    6. Damiano Brigo & Kyriakos Chourdakis, 2009. "Counterparty Risk For Credit Default Swaps: Impact Of Spread Volatility And Default Correlation," International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance (IJTAF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 12(07), pages 1007-1026.
    7. Damiano Brigo & Andrea Pallavicini, 2014. "Nonlinear consistent valuation of CCP cleared or CSA bilateral trades with initial margins under credit, funding and wrong-way risks," Journal of Financial Engineering (JFE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 1(01), pages 1-60.
    8. Longstaff, Francis A & Schwartz, Eduardo S, 2001. "Valuing American Options by Simulation: A Simple Least-Squares Approach," University of California at Los Angeles, Anderson Graduate School of Management qt43n1k4jb, Anderson Graduate School of Management, UCLA.
    9. Longstaff, Francis A & Schwartz, Eduardo S, 2001. "Valuing American Options by Simulation: A Simple Least-Squares Approach," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 14(1), pages 113-147.
    10. Andrea Pallavicini & Damiano Brigo, 2013. "Interest-Rate Modelling in Collateralized Markets: Multiple curves, credit-liquidity effects, CCPs," Papers 1304.1397, arXiv.org.
    11. Damiano Brigo & Agostino Capponi & Andrea Pallavicini & Vasileios Papatheodorou, 2011. "Collateral Margining in Arbitrage-Free Counterparty Valuation Adjustment including Re-Hypotecation and Netting," Papers 1101.3926, arXiv.org.
    12. Masaaki Fujii & Akihiko Takahashi, 2010. "Choice of Collateral Currency," CIRJE F-Series CIRJE-F-778, CIRJE, Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo.
    13. Fries, Christian P., 2010. "Discounting Revisited. Valuations under Funding Costs, Counterparty Risk and Collateralization," MPRA Paper 23082, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 30 May 2010.
    14. Damiano Brigo & Cristin Buescu & Massimo Morini, 2012. "Counterparty Risk Pricing: Impact Of Closeout And First-To-Default Times," International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance (IJTAF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 15(06), pages 1-23.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Wujiang Lou, 2015. "Coherent CVA and FVA with Liability Side Pricing of Derivatives," Papers 1510.07199, arXiv.org.
    2. Wujiang Lou, 2020. "Derivatives Discounting Explained," Papers 2002.08532, arXiv.org.
    3. Damiano Brigo & Cyril Durand, 2014. "An initial approach to Risk Management of Funding Costs," Papers 1410.2034, arXiv.org.
    4. Damiano Brigo & Marco Francischello & Andrea Pallavicini, 2015. "Invariance, existence and uniqueness of solutions of nonlinear valuation PDEs and FBSDEs inclusive of credit risk, collateral and funding costs," Papers 1506.00686, arXiv.org, revised Nov 2015.
    5. Junbeom Lee & Chao Zhou, 2017. "Binary Funding Impacts in Derivative Valuation," Papers 1703.00259, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2020.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. T. van der Zwaard & L. A. Grzelak & C. W. Oosterlee, 2022. "Relevance of Wrong-Way Risk in Funding Valuation Adjustments," Papers 2204.02680, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2022.
    2. Damiano Brigo & Andrea Pallavicini, 2013. "CCPs, Central Clearing, CSA, Credit Collateral and Funding Costs Valuation FAQ: Re-hypothecation, CVA, Closeout, Netting, WWR, Gap-Risk, Initial and Variation Margins, Multiple Discount Curves, FVA?," Papers 1312.0128, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2013.
    3. Damiano Brigo, 2011. "Counterparty Risk FAQ: Credit VaR, PFE, CVA, DVA, Closeout, Netting, Collateral, Re-hypothecation, WWR, Basel, Funding, CCDS and Margin Lending," Papers 1111.1331, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2012.
    4. Giovanni Mottola, 2014. "A stochastic switching control model arising in general OTC contracts with contingent CSA in presence of CVA, collateral and funding," Papers 1412.1469, arXiv.org.
    5. Alessandro Gnoatto & Athena Picarelli & Christoph Reisinger, 2020. "Deep xVA solver -- A neural network based counterparty credit risk management framework," Papers 2005.02633, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2022.
    6. Lixin Wu, 2013. "CVA and FVA to Derivatives Trades Collateralized by Cash," Papers 1302.0465, arXiv.org.
    7. Lixin Wu, 2015. "Cva And Fva To Derivatives Trades Collateralized By Cash," International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance (IJTAF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 18(05), pages 1-22.
    8. Andrea Pallavicini & Daniele Perini & Damiano Brigo, 2012. "Funding, Collateral and Hedging: uncovering the mechanics and the subtleties of funding valuation adjustments," Papers 1210.3811, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2012.
    9. Andrea Pallavicini & Daniele Perini & Damiano Brigo, 2011. "Funding Valuation Adjustment: a consistent framework including CVA, DVA, collateral,netting rules and re-hypothecation," Papers 1112.1521, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2011.
    10. Damiano Brigo & Cristin Buescu & Andrea Pallavicini & Qing Liu, 2012. "Illustrating a problem in the self-financing condition in two 2010-2011 papers on funding, collateral and discounting," Papers 1207.2316, arXiv.org, revised Jul 2012.
    11. Damiano Brigo & Andrea Pallavicini, 2014. "Nonlinear consistent valuation of CCP cleared or CSA bilateral trades with initial margins under credit, funding and wrong-way risks," Journal of Financial Engineering (JFE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 1(01), pages 1-60.
    12. Brigo, Damiano & Francischello, Marco & Pallavicini, Andrea, 2019. "Nonlinear valuation under credit, funding, and margins: Existence, uniqueness, invariance, and disentanglement," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 274(2), pages 788-805.
    13. Damiano Brigo & Cyril Durand, 2014. "An initial approach to Risk Management of Funding Costs," Papers 1410.2034, arXiv.org.
    14. Tomasz R. Bielecki & Marek Rutkowski, 2013. "Valuation and hedging of OTC contracts with funding costs, collateralization and counterparty credit risk: Part 1," Papers 1306.4733, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2013.
    15. Stentoft, Lars, 2005. "Pricing American options when the underlying asset follows GARCH processes," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 12(4), pages 576-611, September.
    16. Han, Xingyu, 2018. "Pricing and hedging vulnerable option with funding costs and collateral," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 103-115.
    17. Denis Belomestny & Grigori Milstein & Vladimir Spokoiny, 2009. "Regression methods in pricing American and Bermudan options using consumption processes," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 9(3), pages 315-327.
    18. Calypso Herrera & Florian Krach & Pierre Ruyssen & Josef Teichmann, 2021. "Optimal Stopping via Randomized Neural Networks," Papers 2104.13669, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2023.
    19. Rongju Zhang & Nicolas Langren'e & Yu Tian & Zili Zhu & Fima Klebaner & Kais Hamza, 2018. "Local Control Regression: Improving the Least Squares Monte Carlo Method for Portfolio Optimization," Papers 1803.11467, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2018.
    20. Gilles Pag`es & Benedikt Wilbertz, 2011. "GPGPUs in computational finance: Massive parallel computing for American style options," Papers 1101.3228, arXiv.org.

    More about this item

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:arx:papers:1404.7314. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: arXiv administrators (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://arxiv.org/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.