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Family Structure and Cognitive Effort: Examining the Influence of Living with a Single Parent on Children’s Task Engagement

Author

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  • Radl, Jonas
  • Requena, Miguel
  • Swarr, Madeline

Abstract

This brief report investigates the association between family structure and the cognitive effort of fifth-grade students in Madrid and Berlin. Although existing studies often link single parenthood to poorer academic outcomes, scant research has investigated its impact on children’s effort. This study utilizes a novel behavioral measure of cognitive effort—rather than survey-based proxies—to fill this knowledge gap. We collected data from 1359 students across 62 classes. Effort was measured via performance on three incentivized real-effort tasks (AX continuous performance, Simon, and slider tasks). Using two-level random-intercept linear regression models and multiple imputation, we analyzed children’s effortful behavior while adjusting for cognitive ability. Our findings consistently show that children from single-parent households exhibit lower cognitive effort. This negative association remained significant across all incentive conditions and even after controlling for socioeconomic factors and environmental variables. Moreover, the effort gap between single and dual-parent households was qualitatively similar in both cities. However, the estimated magnitude of this effect is rather small. In conclusion, children growing up with a single parent exhibit lower cognitive effort than children in dual-parent families. This finding may provide a pathway to better understanding of the educational disadvantage typically observed among single-parent children. @Dieser Kurzbericht untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen der Familienstruktur und der kognitiven Anstrengung von Fünftklässlern in Madrid und Berlin. Während bestehende Studien die Abwesenheit eines Elternteils häufig mit geringerem Schulerfolg verknüpfen, wurde der Einfluss auf die kindliche Anstrengungsbereitschaft bislang kaum erforscht. Um diese Forschungslücke zu schließen, nutzt die vorliegende Studie ein neuartiges verhaltensbasiertes Maß für kognitive Anstrengung – anstelle von umfragebasierten Proxy-Variablen. Die Datengrundlage umfasst 1359 Schülerinnen und Schüler aus 62 Klassen. Die Anstrengung wurde über die Leistung in drei inzentivierten „Real-Effort“-Aufgaben (AX-, Simon- und Slider-Task) gemessen. Mittels linearer Zwei-Ebenen-Regressionsmodelle und multipler Imputation wurde das Anstrengungsverhalten der Kinder unter Kontrolle ihrer kognitiven Fähigkeiten analysiert. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen konsistent, dass Kinder aus Haushalten von Alleinerziehenden eine geringere kognitive Anstrengung aufweisen. Dieser negative Zusammenhang blieb über alle Anreizbedingungen hinweg sowie nach Kontrolle sozioökonomischer Faktoren und Kontextvariablen signifikant. Zudem erwies sich der Unterschied in der Anstrengung zwischen Kindern von Alleinerziehenden und Paarfamilien in beiden Städten als qualitativ ähnlich. Die geschätzte Effektstärke ist jedoch als eher gering einzustufen. Zusammenfassend lässt sich festhalten, dass Kinder, die bei einem alleinerziehenden Elternteil aufwachsen, eine geringere kognitive Anstrengung zeigen als Kinder aus Paarfamilien. Dieser Befund bietet einen neuen Ansatzpunkt, um die Bildungsbenachteiligung von Kindern Alleinerziehender besser zu verstehen.

Suggested Citation

  • Radl, Jonas & Requena, Miguel & Swarr, Madeline, 2026. "Family Structure and Cognitive Effort: Examining the Influence of Living with a Single Parent on Children’s Task Engagement," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 78(2), pages 395-412.
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:espost:341813
    DOI: 10.1007/s11577-026-01082-9
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Juho Härkönen & Fabrizio Bernardi & Diederik Boertien, 2017. "Family Dynamics and Child Outcomes: An Overview of Research and Open Questions," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 33(2), pages 163-184, May.
    2. Gill, David & Prowse, Victoria, 2019. "Measuring costly effort using the slider task," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 21(C), pages 1-9.
    3. Deirdre Bloome, 2017. "Childhood Family Structure and Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 54(2), pages 541-569, April.
    4. Anna Garriga & Fulvia Pennoni, 2022. "The Causal Effects of Parental Divorce and Parental Temporary Separation on Children’s Cognitive Abilities and Psychological Well-being According to Parental Relationship Quality," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 161(2), pages 963-987, June.
    5. Jonas Radl & Leire Salazar & Héctor Cebolla-Boado, 2017. "Does Living in a Fatherless Household Compromise Educational Success? A Comparative Study of Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 33(2), pages 217-242, May.
    6. Jonas Radl & William Foley & Lea Katharina Kröger & Patricia Lorente & Alberto Palacios-Abad & Heike Solga & Jan Stuhler & Madeline Swarr, 2026. "The Social Origins of Effort: How Incentives Reduce Socioeconomic Disparities among Children," American Sociological Review, , vol. 91(1), pages 89-122, February.
    7. Sharon H. Bzostek & Lawrence M. Berger, 2017. "Family Structure Experiences and Child Socioemotional Development During the First Nine Years of Life: Examining Heterogeneity by Family Structure at Birth," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 54(2), pages 513-540, April.
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