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WHY ARE THERE NO UNIVERSAL SOCIAL PROGRAMS IN THE UNITED STATES?: A Historical Institutionalist Comparison with Canada

Author

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  • Daniel Béland
  • Alex Waddan

Abstract

Much has been written about “American exceptionalism” in social policy, but one aspect has received relatively little attention thus far: the absence of universal public social programs where entitlements to benefits and services are derived from citizenship or residency. This absence is especially striking because other liberal welfare regimes such as Canada and the United Kingdom have long developed such programs. Focusing on policy design and using Canada as a contrasting case, this article explains why there are no universal social programs in the United States, a country where the dichotomy between social assistance and social insurance dominates. The empirical analysis focuses on three policy areas: health, pensions, and family benefits. Stressing the impact of institutional factors on policy design, the article adopts a historical institutionalist approach and shows that the explanation for the absence of universal social programs varies from one policy area to the next. Mucho se ha escrito acerca del “excepcionalismo estadounidense” en la política social, pero un aspecto ha recibido relativamente poca atención hasta el momento: la ausencia de programas sociales públicos universales donde los derechos a beneficios y servicios se derivan de la ciudadanía o residencia. Esta ausencia es especialmente llamativa porque otros regímenes liberales de seguridad social, como Canadá y el Reino Unido, han desarrollado durante mucho tiempo tales programas. Este artículo explica por qué no hay programas sociales universales en los Estados Unidos, un país donde predomina la dicotomía entre asistencia social y seguro social. El análisis empírico se centra en tres ámbitos políticos: salud, pensiones y prestaciones familiares. Subrayando el impacto de los factores institucionales en el diseño de políticas, el artículo adopta un enfoque histórico institucionalista y muestra que la explicación de la ausencia de programas sociales universales varía de un área de política a la siguiente. 关于“美国例外论”的社会政策已有很多研究,但至今有一方面几乎没有受到关注,即缺乏全民性的公共社会计划(在此计划中,权益资格和服务都来自于公民权利或居留权)。这样的缺乏尤其引人注目,因为其他国家的自由福利政权早已有这类社会计划(例如加拿大和英国)。通过聚焦于政策设计并使用加拿大作为对比案例,本文解释了为何美国没有全民性社会计划(该国的社会援助和社会保险二分法占主导地位)。实证分析聚焦于三大政策领域:健康、养老金和家庭权益。强调制度因素对政策设计影响的同时,本文采用了历史制度主义方法,结果表明:关于缺乏全民性社会计划的解释会因为不同的政策领域而发生变化。

Suggested Citation

  • Daniel Béland & Alex Waddan, 2017. "WHY ARE THERE NO UNIVERSAL SOCIAL PROGRAMS IN THE UNITED STATES?: A Historical Institutionalist Comparison with Canada," World Affairs, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 180(1), pages 64-92, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:woraff:v:180:y:2017:i:1:p:64-92
    DOI: 10.1177/0043820017715570
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lieberman, Robert C., 2002. "Ideas, Institutions, and Political Order: Explaining Political Change," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 96(4), pages 697-712, December.
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