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How Reliably Do Empirical Tests Identify Tax Avoidance?†

Author

Listed:
  • Lisa De Simone
  • Jordan Nickerson
  • Jeri Seidman
  • Bridget Stomberg

Abstract

Research on the determinants of tax avoidance have relied on tests using GAAP and cash effective tax rates (ETRs) and total and permanent book‐tax differences. Two new proxies have emerged that overcome documented limitations of these proxies: one, developed by Henry and Sansing (2018), allows for more meaningful interpretation of results estimated in samples that include loss observations. The other, reserves for unrecognized tax benefits (UTB), provides new data on tax uncertainty. We offer empirical evidence on how well tests using these new proxies perform relative to those extensively used in prior research. The paper finds that tests using the proxy developed by Henry and Sansing (2018) have lower power relative to those using other proxies across all samples, including a sample that includes loss observations. In contrast, when firms accrue reserves for uncertain tax avoidance, tests using the current‐year addition to the UTB have the highest power across all proxies, samples, and levels of reserves. In the absence of reserves, tests using the GAAP ETR best detect uncertain tax avoidance, on average. This study contributes to the literature by using a controlled environment to provide the first large‐scale empirical evidence on how the power of tests varies with the use of relatively new proxies, the inclusion of loss observations, and the advent of FIN 48. Dans quelle mesure les tests empiriques permettent‐ils de repérer l’évitement fiscal? La recherche sur les déterminants de l’évitement fiscal s'est jusqu’à maintenant appuyée sur des tests fondés sur les PCGR et les taux d'imposition effectifs (TIE), ainsi que les écarts totaux et permanents entre les valeurs comptables et les valeurs fiscales. Nous disposons maintenant de deux nouvelles variables qui dépassent les limites documentées des variables mentionnées plus haut : la première, élaborée par Henry et Sansing (2018), permet une interprétation plus pertinente des résultats estimés dans les échantillons comportant des observations sur les pertes. L'autre, soit les réserves pour les économies d'impôt non constatées, fournit de nouvelles données sur l'incertitude fiscale. Nous présentons des preuves empiriques sur le degré d'efficacité des tests fondés sur ces nouvelles variables par rapport à celles abondamment utilisées jusqu'ici dans la recherche. Le présent rapport révèle que les tests fondés sur la variable mise au point par Henry et Sansing (2018) sont moins puissants que ceux fondés sur d'autres variables pour tous les échantillons, y compris ceux comportant des observations sur les pertes. À l'inverse, lorsque des entreprises accumulent des réserves afin d’éviter des positions fiscales incertaines, les tests fondés sur le montant ajouté aux économies d'impôt non constatées pour l'année en cours sont les plus puissants pour toutes les variables et tous les échantillons et niveaux de réserves. En l'absence de réserves, les tests fondés sur les PGCR et le TIE sont les plus efficaces pour repérer l’évitement de positions fiscales incertaines, en moyenne. La présente étude contribue à la littérature en mettant en place un environnement contrôlé pour produire les premières preuves empiriques à large échelle sur la façon dont la puissance des tests varie en fonction de l'utilisation de variables relativement nouvelles, de l'intégration des observations sur les pertes et de l'arrivée de l'interprétation FIN 48.

Suggested Citation

  • Lisa De Simone & Jordan Nickerson & Jeri Seidman & Bridget Stomberg, 2020. "How Reliably Do Empirical Tests Identify Tax Avoidance?†," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(3), pages 1536-1561, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:37:y:2020:i:3:p:1536-1561
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12573
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    2. Luca Menicacci & Lorenzo Simoni, 2024. "Negative media coverage of ESG issues and corporate tax avoidance," Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 15(7), pages 1-33, February.
    3. Benkraiem, Ramzi & Gaaya, Safa & Lakhal, Faten, 2022. "Corporate tax avoidance, economic policy uncertainty, and the value of excess cash: International evidence," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    4. De Simone, Lisa & Klassen, Kenneth J. & Seidman, Jeri K., 2022. "The effect of income-shifting aggressiveness on corporate investment," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(1).
    5. Arfah Habib Saragih & Syaiful Ali, 2023. "Corporate tax risk: a literature review and future research directions," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 73(2), pages 527-577, June.
    6. Qingyuan Li & Edward L. Maydew & Richard H. Willis & Li Xu, 2022. "Corporate tax behavior and political uncertainty: Evidence from national elections around the world," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 49(9-10), pages 1605-1641, October.

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