IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/coacre/v37y2020i2p1140-1171.html

Express Yourself: Why Managers' Disclosure Tone Varies Across Time and What Investors Learn From It

Author

Listed:
  • John L. Campbell
  • Hye Seung “Grace” Lee
  • Hsin‐Min Lu
  • Logan B. Steele

Abstract

We argue that volatility in a manager's disclosure tone across time should be a function of two components: (i) the firm's innate operating risk and (ii) the extent to which the manager's disclosure transparently reflects that risk. Consistent with this argument, we find that both operating risk and disclosure transparency are important determinants of disclosure tone volatility. We then examine whether investors incorporate the incremental information provided by disclosure tone volatility into their assessments of firm risk. If disclosure tone volatility primarily provides investors with incremental information about a firm's operating risk, we should find a positive association between tone volatility and market‐based assessments of risk. On the other hand, if disclosure tone volatility primarily provides investors with incremental information about a manager's disclosure transparency, we should find a negative association between tone volatility and market‐based assessments of risk. Consistent with an operating risk explanation, we find a positive association between disclosure tone volatility and market‐based assessments of firm risk after controlling for a comprehensive set of proxies for operating risk and transparency. We find little support for an information risk explanation, even when we examine multiple measures specifically designed to capture information risk. Taken together, our results suggest that although disclosure tone volatility is a function of both a firm's operating risk and a manager's disclosure transparency, investors appear to respond as if disclosure tone volatility only provides incremental information about a firm's operating risk. Exprimez‐vous : pourquoi l'angle sous lequel les dirigeants communiquent l'information varie dans le temps et qu'en concluent les investisseurs? Les auteurs avancent que la volatilité temporelle de l'angle sous lequel un dirigeant communique l'information (angle de communication) devrait dépendre de deux paramètres : 1) le risque lié à l'exploitation inhérent à l'entreprise et 2) le degré de transparence avec lequel l'information communiquée par le dirigeant reflète ce risque. Conformément à cette hypothèse, les auteurs constatent que le risque lié à l'exploitation et la transparence de l'information sont l'un et l'autre d'importants déterminants de la volatilité de l'angle de communication. Ils se demandent ensuite si les investisseurs intègrent les renseignements supplémentaires que livre cette volatilité de l'angle de communication à leur évaluation du risque d'entreprise. Si la volatilité de l'angle de communication livre principalement aux investisseurs des renseignements supplémentaires au sujet du risque lié à l'exploitation auquel est exposée une entreprise, un lien positif devrait être observé entre la volatilité de l'angle de communication et les évaluations du risque fondées sur le marché. En revanche, si la volatilité de l'angle de communication livre principalement aux investisseurs des renseignements supplémentaires au sujet de la transparence de l'information que communique un gestionnaire, un lien négatif devrait être observé entre la volatilité de l'angle de communication et les évaluations du risque fondées sur le marché. En accord avec l'explication du risque lié à l'exploitation, les auteurs relèvent l'existence d'un lien positif entre la volatilité de l'angle de communication et les évaluations du risque d'entreprise fondées sur le marché, après avoir contrôlé un ensemble exhaustif de variables substitutives du risque lié à l'exploitation et de la transparence. Peu de données à l'appui de l'explication du risque lié à l'information ressortent de leur analyse, bien qu'ils aient recours à de multiples indicateurs précisément conçus pour évaluer le risque lié à l'information. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats qu'ils obtiennent donnent à penser que, même si la volatilité de l'angle de communication est fonction tant du risque lié à l'exploitation de l'entreprise que de la transparence de l'information communiquée par le dirigeant, les investisseurs semblent réagir comme si la volatilité de l'angle de communication livrait uniquement des renseignements supplémentaires au sujet du risque lié à l'exploitation de l'entreprise.

Suggested Citation

  • John L. Campbell & Hye Seung “Grace” Lee & Hsin‐Min Lu & Logan B. Steele, 2020. "Express Yourself: Why Managers' Disclosure Tone Varies Across Time and What Investors Learn From It," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(2), pages 1140-1171, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:37:y:2020:i:2:p:1140-1171
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12561
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12561
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/1911-3846.12561?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Francis, Jennifer & LaFond, Ryan & Olsson, Per & Schipper, Katherine, 2005. "The market pricing of accruals quality," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(2), pages 295-327, June.
    2. Skinner, Dj, 1994. "Why Firms Voluntarily Disclose Bad-News," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(1), pages 38-60.
    3. Ke, Bin & Huddart, Steven & Petroni, Kathy, 2003. "What insiders know about future earnings and how they use it: Evidence from insider trades," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 315-346, August.
    4. Jiang, Fuwei & Lee, Joshua & Martin, Xiumin & Zhou, Guofu, 2019. "Manager sentiment and stock returns," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 132(1), pages 126-149.
    5. Murphy, Kevin J. & Zimmerman, Jerold L., 1993. "Financial performance surrounding CEO turnover," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 16(1-3), pages 273-315, April.
    6. Bonsall, Samuel B. & Leone, Andrew J. & Miller, Brian P. & Rennekamp, Kristina, 2017. "A plain English measure of financial reporting readability," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(2), pages 329-357.
    7. Velury, Uma & Jenkins, David S., 2006. "Institutional ownership and the quality of earnings," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 59(9), pages 1043-1051, September.
    8. White, Halbert, 1980. "A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 48(4), pages 817-838, May.
    9. Yakov Amihud & Baruch Lev, 1981. "Risk Reduction as a Managerial Motive for Conglomerate Mergers," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 12(2), pages 605-617, Autumn.
    10. Jennifer Francis & Dhananjay Nanda & Per Olsson, 2008. "Voluntary Disclosure, Earnings Quality, and Cost of Capital," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 46(1), pages 53-99, March.
    11. Fama, Eugene F. & French, Kenneth R., 1993. "Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(1), pages 3-56, February.
    12. DeAngelo, Linda Elizabeth, 1981. "Auditor size and audit quality," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 3(3), pages 183-199, December.
    13. Barry, Christopher B. & Brown, Stephen J., 1985. "Differential Information and Security Market Equilibrium," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 20(4), pages 407-422, December.
    14. Diamond, Douglas W & Verrecchia, Robert E, 1991. "Disclosure, Liquidity, and the Cost of Capital," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 46(4), pages 1325-1359, September.
    15. Marianne Bertrand & Antoinette Schoar, 2003. "Managing with Style: The Effect of Managers on Firm Policies," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 118(4), pages 1169-1208.
    16. Richard Lambert & Christian Leuz & Robert E. Verrecchia, 2007. "Accounting Information, Disclosure, and the Cost of Capital," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 45(2), pages 385-420, May.
    17. Fama, Eugene F. & French, Kenneth R., 1997. "Industry costs of equity," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 43(2), pages 153-193, February.
    18. Beaver, Wh, 1966. "Financial Ratios As Predictors Of Failure," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 4, pages 71-111.
    19. Beyer, Anne & Cohen, Daniel A. & Lys, Thomas Z. & Walther, Beverly R., 2010. "The financial reporting environment: Review of the recent literature," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 296-343, December.
    20. Dhaliwal, Dan & Judd, J. Scott & Serfling, Matthew & Shaikh, Sarah, 2016. "Customer concentration risk and the cost of equity capital," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(1), pages 23-48.
    21. Sattar A. Mansi & David M. Reeb, 2002. "Corporate Diversification: What Gets Discounted?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(5), pages 2167-2183, October.
    22. Leuz, Christian & Nanda, Dhananjay & Wysocki, Peter D., 2003. "Earnings management and investor protection: an international comparison," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(3), pages 505-527, September.
    23. Bushman, Robert & Chen, Qi & Engel, Ellen & Smith, Abbie, 2004. "Financial accounting information, organizational complexity and corporate governance systems," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 167-201, June.
    24. Chen, Nai-fu & Zhang, Feng, 1998. "Risk and Return of Value Stocks," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 71(4), pages 501-535, October.
    25. S. P. Kothari & Susan Shu & Peter D. Wysocki, 2009. "Do Managers Withhold Bad News?," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 47(1), pages 241-276, March.
    26. Samuel B. Bonsall & Brian P. Miller, 2017. "The impact of narrative disclosure readability on bond ratings and the cost of debt," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 22(2), pages 608-643, June.
    27. Angela K. Davis & Jeremy M. Piger & Lisa M. Sedor, 2012. "Beyond the Numbers: Measuring the Information Content of Earnings Press Release Language," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 29(3), pages 845-868, September.
    28. Fama, Eugene F & French, Kenneth R, 1996. "Multifactor Explanations of Asset Pricing Anomalies," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 51(1), pages 55-84, March.
    29. David Johnstone, 2016. "The Effect of Information on Uncertainty and the Cost of Capital," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 33(2), pages 752-774, June.
    30. Tim Loughran & Bill Mcdonald, 2011. "When Is a Liability Not a Liability? Textual Analysis, Dictionaries, and 10‐Ks," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 66(1), pages 35-65, February.
    31. Angela K. Davis & Isho Tama†Sweet, 2012. "Managers’ Use of Language Across Alternative Disclosure Outlets: Earnings Press Releases versus MD&A," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 29(3), pages 804-837, September.
    32. Li, Feng, 2008. "Annual report readability, current earnings, and earnings persistence," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(2-3), pages 221-247, August.
    33. James Claus & Jacob Thomas, 2001. "Equity Premia as Low as Three Percent? Evidence from Analysts' Earnings Forecasts for Domestic and International Stock Markets," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 56(5), pages 1629-1666, October.
    34. Feng Li, 2010. "The Information Content of Forward‐Looking Statements in Corporate Filings—A Naïve Bayesian Machine Learning Approach," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 48(5), pages 1049-1102, December.
    35. Yang Bao & Anindya Datta, 2014. "Simultaneously Discovering and Quantifying Risk Types from Textual Risk Disclosures," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 60(6), pages 1371-1391, June.
    36. James Jiambalvo & Shivaram Rajgopal & Mohan Venkatachalam, 2002. "Institutional Ownership and the Extent to which Stock Prices Reflect Future Earnings," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 19(1), pages 117-145, March.
    37. Beaver, Wh, 1966. "Financial Ratios As Predictors Of Failure - Reply," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 4, pages 123-127.
    38. William R. Gebhardt & Charles M. C. Lee & Bhaskaran Swaminathan, 2001. "Toward an Implied Cost of Capital," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(1), pages 135-176, June.
    39. Jesse A. Ellis & C. Edward Fee & Shawn E. Thomas, 2012. "Proprietary Costs and the Disclosure of Information About Customers," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 50(3), pages 685-727, June.
    40. Christine A. Botosan & Marlene A. Plumlee & HE Wen, 2011. "The Relation between Expected Returns, Realized Returns, and Firm Risk Characteristics," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 28(4), pages 1085-1122, December.
    41. Kim, Jeong-Bon & Li, Yinghua & Zhang, Liandong, 2011. "Corporate tax avoidance and stock price crash risk: Firm-level analysis," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 100(3), pages 639-662, June.
    42. Fama, Eugene F, 1991. "Efficient Capital Markets: II," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 46(5), pages 1575-1617, December.
    43. Armstrong, Christopher S. & Guay, Wayne R. & Weber, Joseph P., 2010. "The role of information and financial reporting in corporate governance and debt contracting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 179-234, December.
    44. Guochang Zhang, 2001. "Private Information Production, Public Disclosure, and the Cost of Capital: Theory and Implications," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(2), pages 363-384, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Zhou, Weihua & Li, Yuanjie & Wang, Deli & Xueqin, Du & Ke, Yishun, 2024. "Management's tone in MD&A disclosure and investment efficiency: Evidence from China," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    2. S. M. R. K. Samarakoon & R. K. Mishra & Rudra P. Pradhan & Manju Jayakumar & Tapan P. Bagchi, 2025. "Annual report readability, ESG disclosure, and risk perspectives of Indian firms: the mediating role of corporate governance and earnings management," International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 22(3), pages 678-705, September.
    3. Wei, Lu & Jing, Haozhe & Huang, Jie & Deng, Yuqi & Jing, Zhongbo, 2023. "Do textual risk disclosures reveal corporate risk? Evidence from U.S. fintech corporations," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
    4. Wang, Yang & Chen, Xin & Zhang, Yifei, 2025. "Management tone and corporate information asymmetry in times of pandemic crisis," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    5. Mohamed Malek Belhoula & Naima Lassoued & Imen Khanchel & Dorsaf Ghraidi, 2026. "Beyond numbers: negative disclosure tone, bank risk, and ownership structure in Middle East and North African Banks," International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 23(1), pages 224-239, March.
    6. Wang, Wenjiao & Sun, Ziyuan & Wang, Lan, 2025. "Does ESG rating divergence exacerbate management tone manipulation? − Empirical evidence based on MD&A text," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).
    7. Senave, Elseline & Jans, Mieke J. & Srivastava, Rajendra P., 2023. "The application of text mining in accounting," International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    8. Chen, Yuan & Han, Dongmei & Zhou, Xiaofeng, 2023. "Mining the emotional information in the audio of earnings conference calls : A deep learning approach for sentiment analysis of securities analysts' follow-up behavior," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    9. Yicheng Wang & Brian Wright, 2024. "Tax-strategy-related words, firm’s ability, and tax avoidance," International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 21(4), pages 685-713, December.
    10. Erica Juvercina Sobrinho & Rodrigo Fernandes Malaquias, 2025. "Government Announcements Through Harvest Reports, Extreme Market Conditions, and Commodity Price Volatility," Commodities, MDPI, vol. 4(4), pages 1-16, September.
    11. Guo, Meng & Luo, Danglun & Liu, Chen, 2025. "Opportunism in crisis: Big baths and COVID-19 disclosure," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    12. Campbell, John L. & Zheng, Xin & Zhou, Dexin, 2025. "Number of numbers: Does a greater proportion of quantitative textual disclosure reduce information risk?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Rjiba, Hatem & Saadi, Samir & Boubaker, Sabri & Ding, Xiaoya (Sara), 2021. "Annual report readability and the cost of equity capital," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    2. Campbell, John L. & Zheng, Xin & Zhou, Dexin, 2025. "Number of numbers: Does a greater proportion of quantitative textual disclosure reduce information risk?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    3. Cameron Truong & Thu Ha Nguyen & Thanh Huynh, 2021. "Customer satisfaction and the cost of capital," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 26(1), pages 293-342, March.
    4. Max Schreder & Pawel Bilinski, 2022. "Information Quality and the Expected Rate of Return: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach," Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, Springer;Japanese Association of Financial Economics and Engineering, vol. 29(2), pages 139-170, June.
    5. Christian Leuz & Peter D. Wysocki, 2016. "The Economics of Disclosure and Financial Reporting Regulation: Evidence and Suggestions for Future Research," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 54(2), pages 525-622, May.
    6. Schreder, Max, 2018. "Idiosyncratic information and the cost of equity capital: A meta-analytic review of the literature," Journal of Accounting Literature, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 142-172.
    7. Iatridis, George Emmanuel, 2016. "Financial reporting language in financial statements: Does pessimism restrict the potential for managerial opportunism?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 1-17.
    8. John L. Campbell & Hsinchun Chen & Dan S. Dhaliwal & Hsin-min Lu & Logan B. Steele, 2014. "The information content of mandatory risk factor disclosures in corporate filings," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 19(1), pages 396-455, March.
    9. Chen, Jean Jinghan & Song, Peiyang & Loi, Fai Lim, 2024. "Strategic forward-looking nonearnings disclosure and overinvestment," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 56(6).
    10. Beyer, Anne & Cohen, Daniel A. & Lys, Thomas Z. & Walther, Beverly R., 2010. "The financial reporting environment: Review of the recent literature," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 296-343, December.
    11. Yu Hou, 2015. "The role of diversification in the pricing of accruals quality," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 20(3), pages 1059-1092, September.
    12. repec:tsa:wpaper:00126acc is not listed on IDEAS
    13. Jang, Soomi & Choi, Heeick & Kim, Hyungtae, 2024. "Managerial ability and cost of equity capital," Advances in accounting, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    14. Francesco Mazzi & Paul André & Dionysia Dionysiou & Ioannis Tsalavoutas, 2017. "Compliance with goodwill-related mandatory disclosure requirements and the cost of equity capital," Accounting and Business Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(3), pages 268-312, April.
    15. Todd Kravet & Volkan Muslu, 2013. "Textual risk disclosures and investors’ risk perceptions," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 18(4), pages 1088-1122, December.
    16. Terry Shevlin, 2013. "Some personal observations on the debate on the link between financial reporting quality and the cost of equity capital," Australian Journal of Management, Australian School of Business, vol. 38(3), pages 447-473, December.
    17. James P. Ryans, 2021. "Textual classification of SEC comment letters," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 26(1), pages 37-80, March.
    18. Fu, Renhui & Kraft, Arthur & Zhang, Huai, 2012. "Financial reporting frequency, information asymmetry, and the cost of equity," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(2), pages 132-149.
    19. Barth, Mary E. & Konchitchki, Yaniv & Landsman, Wayne R., 2013. "Cost of capital and earnings transparency," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 55(2), pages 206-224.
    20. Asiri, Mohammed & Al-Hadi, Ahmed & Taylor, Grantley & Duong, Lien, 2020. "Is corporate tax avoidance associated with investment efficiency?," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    21. Jennifer Francis & Dhananjay Nanda & Per Olsson, 2008. "Voluntary Disclosure, Earnings Quality, and Cost of Capital," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 46(1), pages 53-99, March.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:37:y:2020:i:2:p:1140-1171. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://doi.org/10.1111/(ISSN)1911-3846 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.