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Firm Size, Security Returns, and Unexpected Earnings: The Anomalous Signed†Size Effect

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  • TERRY SHEVLIN
  • D. SHORES

Abstract

. Several studies have documented a significant association between firm size and cumulative abnormal returns surrounding quarterly earnings announcements, after controlling for unexpected earnings. The sign of the association depends on the sign of unexpected earnings. Specifically, in a regression of cumulative abnormal returns on unexpected earnings and firm size, the coefficient on firm size is negative for observations with positive unexpected earnings and is positive for observations with negative unexpected earnings. These results hold after adjusting returns for the firm size return effect. In the absence of an economic rationale for firm size per se to be priced in this manner, we draw on extant capital market literature to identify two potential explanations for the signed†size effect. Each suggests that firm size may be proxying for some misspecification of the relation between cumulative abnormal returns and unexpected earnings: measurement error in the researcher's proxy for unexpected earnings and constrained estimation of earnings response coefficients. The signed†size effect remains after incorporating numerous procedures to mitigate the influence of each of these misspecifications. We develop implications of ignoring the anomalous signed†size effect for studies investigating the association between cumulative abnormal returns and unexpected earnings. Studies affected are those that omit firm size (the estimated earnings response coefficient is biased upward), include firm size as a linear additive variable (the estimated coefficient on firm size is generally not interpretable), and include other variables correlated with firm size (their estimated coefficients are generally biased). Résumé. Plusieurs chercheurs ont démontré l'existence d'une relation significative entre la taille de l'entreprise et les rendements anormaux cumulatifs entourant les annonces de bénéfices trimestriels, compte tenu du contrôle des bénéfices inattendus. Le signe de cette relation (positif ou négatif) dépend de celui des bénéfices inattendus. En termes précis, dans une régression des rendements anormaux cumulatifs par rapport aux bénéfices inattendus à de la taille de l'entreprise, le coefficient relatif à la taille de l'entreprise est négatif pour les observations de bénéfices inattendus positifs, alors qu'il est positif pour les observations de bénéfices inattendus négatifs. Ces résultats persistent une fois les rendements ajustés pour tenir compte de l'incidence de la taille de l'entreprise. Faute de fondements économiques sur lesquels appuyer ce genre d'évaluation en fonction de la taille de l'entreprise en tant que telle, les auteurs ont puisé dans les écrits existants relatifs au marché des capitaux deux explications possibles de l'incidence positive ou négative de la taille: l'erreur de mesure de la variable substitutive des bénéfices inattendus utilisée par le chercheur et l'estimation restreinte des coefficients de réaction aux bénéfices. Dans un cas comme dans l'autre, il semble que la taille de l'entreprise puisse servir de substitut lorsque certaines définitions de la relation entre les rendements anormaux cumulatifs et les bénéfices inattendus sont erronées. L'incidence positive ou négative de la taille demeure après l'application de nombreux procédés visant à atténuer l'influence de chacune de ces erreurs de définition. Les auteurs cernent les conséquences que peut entraîner la négligence de l'incidence positive ou négative anormale de la taille, dans le cas d'études portant sur la relation entre les rendements anormaux cumulatifs et les bénéfices inattendus. Les études en cause sont celles dans lesquelles est omise la taille de l'entreprise (le coefficient de la réaction estimée aux bénéfices étant alors biaisé à la hausse), celles qui font intervenir la taille de l'entreprise à titre de variable additive linéaire (le coefficient estimé relatif à la taille de l'entreprise ne pouvant être interprété, de façon générale) et celles qui font intervenir d'autres variables en corrélation avec la taille de l'entreprise (leurs coefficients estimés étant, dans ce cas, habituellement faussés).

Suggested Citation

  • Terry Shevlin & D. Shores, 1993. "Firm Size, Security Returns, and Unexpected Earnings: The Anomalous Signed†Size Effect," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 10(1), pages 1-30, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:10:y:1993:i:1:p:1-30
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1911-3846.1993.tb00380.x
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    1. Russell Calk & Paul Haensly & Mary Jo Billiot, 2007. "The Effect of Returns History on the Current Period Relation Between Returns and Unexpected Earnings," Accounting Research Journal, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 20(1), pages 5-20, July.
    2. Karl E. Hackenbrack & Chris E. Hogan, 2002. "Market Response to Earnings Surprises Conditional on Reasons for an Auditor Change," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 19(2), pages 195-223, June.
    3. Carlos Alves & F. Teixeira Dos Santos, 2008. "Do First and Third Quarter Unaudited Financial Reports Matter? The Portuguese Case," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(2), pages 361-392.
    4. Robert Rutledge & Zhaohui Zhang & Khondkar Karim, 2008. "Is There a Size Effect in the Pricing of Stocks in the Chinese Stock Markets?: The Case of Bull Versus Bear Markets," Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, Springer;Japanese Association of Financial Economics and Engineering, vol. 15(2), pages 117-133, June.
    5. Maria Jose Arcas Pellicer & William Page Rees, 1999. "Regularities in the equity price response to earnings announcements in Spain," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 8(4), pages 585-607.

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