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Raising taxes through equalization

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  • Michael Smart

Abstract

. A simple theory suggests that a common form of federal horizontal equalization grants should cause subnational governments to levy higher tax rates, distorting local tax bases and so increasing federal transfers. To test this, I examine Canadian provincial tax policies in the 1972–2002 period. Consistent with the theory, provinces respond to expansions of equalization transfers by increasing their own tax rates. I estimate that on average tax rates in grant‐receiving provinces were substantially and significantly higher as a consequence of the transfer formula. JEL classification: H21 Une théorie simple suggère qu'une forme usuelle d'octrois fédéraux de péréquation horizontale devrait entraîner les gouvernements sub‐nationaux à imposer de plus hauts taux d'imposition – modifiant ainsi les bases de fiscalité locale et ce faisant accroissant les transferts fédéraux. Pour mettre au test cette hypothèse, on examine les politiques fiscales des provinces canadiennes pour la période entre 1972 et 2002. D'une manière qui semble supporter l'hypothèse, les provinces ont répondu à un accroissement des transferts de péréquation en accroissant leur propre taux d'imposition. On estime que les taux moyens d'imposition dans les provinces qui reçoivent des transferts sont plus élevés de manière substantielle et significative en raison de la formule de transferts.

Suggested Citation

  • Michael Smart, 2007. "Raising taxes through equalization," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 40(4), pages 1188-1212, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:40:y:2007:i:4:p:1188-1212
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.00448.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Masayoshi Hayashi & Robin Boadway, 2001. "An empirical analysis of intergovernmental tax interaction: the case of business income taxes in Canada," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 34(2), pages 481-503, May.
    2. Sam Bucovetsky & Michael Smart, 2006. "The Efficiency Consequences of Local Revenue Equalization: Tax Competition and Tax Distortions," Journal of Public Economic Theory, Association for Public Economic Theory, vol. 8(1), pages 119-144, January.
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    5. Card, David & Payne, A. Abigail, 2002. "School finance reform, the distribution of school spending, and the distribution of student test scores," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(1), pages 49-82, January.
    6. Gruber, Jonathan, 1994. "The Incidence of Mandated Maternity Benefits," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 84(3), pages 622-641, June.
    7. Bird, Richard M. & Smart, Michael, 2002. "Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers: International Lessons for Developing Countries," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 30(6), pages 899-912, June.
    8. Brian Knight, 2002. "Endogenous Federal Grants and Crowd-out of State Government Spending: Theory and Evidence from the Federal Highway Aid Program," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 92(1), pages 71-92, March.
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    JEL classification:

    • H21 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Efficiency; Optimal Taxation

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