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Participation in Job-Related Training: Is There a Parenthood Training Penalty?

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  • Gundula Zoch

Abstract

Gender inequalities in paid and unpaid work are well documented, but patterns of advantage or disadvantage in further job-related training have been less explored. Previous cross-sectional studies indicate gender differences in further training, with lower participation rates and shorter training sessions for women, especially mothers. Based on the National Educational Panel Study for Germany (adult cohort, 2008–2020), this study is the first to examine gendered parenthood effects on participation in non-formal further job-related training using panel analyses. The results from fixed-effects regressions provide evidence of parenthood training penalties that are particularly pronounced for mothers and in the first years after childbirth. While fatherhood training penalties are mostly explained, motherhood gaps remain robust when accounting for a large number of time-varying characteristics. The results point towards further relevant changes in mothers’ aspirations or employer support. Thus, they underline the importance of training opportunities for reducing childbirth-related inequalities later in life.

Suggested Citation

  • Gundula Zoch, 2023. "Participation in Job-Related Training: Is There a Parenthood Training Penalty?," Work, Employment & Society, British Sociological Association, vol. 37(1), pages 274-292, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:woemps:v:37:y:2023:i:1:p:274-292
    DOI: 10.1177/09500170221128692
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lim, Misun & dos Santos, Sascha, 2025. "The gendered impact of parenthood on job-related training participation in Germany and the United Kingdom," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 41(2), pages 278-298.
    2. dos Santos, Sascha & Dieckhoff, Martina & Ehlert, Martin & Mertens, Antje, 2024. "Does training beget training over the life course? Cumulative advantage in work-related non-formal training participation in Germany and the UK," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 40(3), pages 464-478.
    3. Riepl, Franziska, 2025. "Human Capital and Motherhood: The Extent and Implications of Child Penalties in Training," VfS Annual Conference 2025 (Cologne): Revival of Industrial Policy 325436, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.

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