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Counting America’s First Peoples

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  • Carolyn A. Liebler

Abstract

The descendants of the First Peoples of the Americas (labeled “American Indians and Alaska Natives†in the federal definition) are a particularly challenging group to count in censuses. In this article, I describe some enumeration issues and then outline what we have learned about American Indians and Alaska Natives from efforts that rely on individuals’ answers to census questions on race, ancestry, ethnicity, and tribe. Those who do not report a tribe and those who change their race response from one census to another complicate these efforts. Tribal self-enumeration and indigenous data sovereignty may improve data about some portions of the population. Census and survey enumeration efforts should continue to separate the concepts of race, ancestry, and tribe lest the various subpopulations become indistinguishable in the data, making the data much less useful and possibly misleading.

Suggested Citation

  • Carolyn A. Liebler, 2018. "Counting America’s First Peoples," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 677(1), pages 180-190, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:anname:v:677:y:2018:i:1:p:180-190
    DOI: 10.1177/0002716218766276
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Carolyn Liebler & Timothy Ortyl, 2014. "More Than One Million New American Indians in 2000: Who Are They?," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 51(3), pages 1101-1130, June.
    2. Karl Eschbach, 1993. "Changing identification among American Indians and Alaska natives," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 30(4), pages 635-652, November.
    3. Jeffrey Passel, 1976. "Provisional evaluation of the 1970 census count of American Indians," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 13(3), pages 397-409, August.
    4. Carolyn A. Liebler & Sonya R. Porter & Leticia E. Fernandez & James M. Noon & Sharon R. Ennis, 2017. "America’s Churning Races: Race and Ethnicity Response Changes Between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 54(1), pages 259-284, February.
    5. Carolyn A. Liebler, 2004. "American Indian Ethnic Identity: Tribal Nonresponse in the 1990 Census," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 85(2), pages 310-323, June.
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    1. Richard Alba & Brenden Beck & Duygu Basaran Sahin, 2018. "The Rise of Mixed Parentage: A Sociological and Demographic Phenomenon to Be Reckoned With," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 677(1), pages 26-38, May.
    2. Edwards, Frank & Rocha Beardall, Theresa & Curtis, Hannah, 2023. "American Indian and Alaska Native overexposure to foster care and family surveillance in the US: A quantitative overview of contemporary system contact," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).

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