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The Interrogation of Hummingbird: A Qualitative Overview of Traditional Systems Oppression of the Oklahoma Indians

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  • Robb Elton
  • Arthur Been

Abstract

Historical analysis of Oklahoma traditions and policies relating to the various tribes reveals a theme of willful malice, organized systematic oppression, theft from, and killing of Indians. This tradition is grounded in racism and greed. Today, this philosophy continues — even after Supreme Court decisions McGirt v. Oklahoma (2020) and Sharp v. Murphy (2020) elucidated the historical harms and apt legal framework. These cases acknowledged Oklahoma Indian territory had always persisted. Through discussion about these cases, related legislation, historical events, including the U.S. Constitution’s Supremacy Clause, this paper connects Oklahoma’s law-breaking customs imposed on the Indians to its founding.

Suggested Citation

  • Robb Elton & Arthur Been, 2022. "The Interrogation of Hummingbird: A Qualitative Overview of Traditional Systems Oppression of the Oklahoma Indians," International Journal of English and Cultural Studies, Redfame publishing, vol. 5(1), pages 26-43, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:rfa:ijecsj:v:5:y:2022:i:1:p:26-43
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Alex Albright & Jeremy A. Cook & James J. Feigenbaum & Laura Kincaide & Jason Long & Nathan Nunn, 2021. "After the Burning: The Economic Effects of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre," NBER Working Papers 28985, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • R00 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General - - - General
    • Z0 - Other Special Topics - - General

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