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La fiabilité des prévisions macroéconomiques à court terme : 12 ans d'expériences françaises (1970-1981)

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  • Alain Fonteneau

Abstract

[eng] This paper considers the accuracy of the short-term economic forecasts of twelve French organizations over the period 1970-1981. Discrepancies between forecast and actual values depend mainly on the macro-economic aggregates and forecasting horizon considered. The absolute error on the rate of growth of real GNP is from 0.8 to 1.3 point while for the annual rate of inflation, it is from 1.1 to 2.1 points. In general, over the period in question, forecasters tend to over-optimism ; real GNP growth being on average overestimated by 0.4 point whereas annual inflation is underestimated by 1.5 point. > From a comparison of the various forecasts with results obtained by so-called « naïve methods », it can be seen that a forecast over a 12 to 18 months horizon normally follows the trend of the recent past. A survey of forecasts by foreign organizations confirms the conclusions of the paper. Nominal variables are underestimated, foreign trade and fluctuations in investment levels are badly forecast while GNP growth is, on the whole, overestimated. From the comparison of forecasting errors between the first and second oil shocks, it seems that, despite turbulence in the world economy, short-term forecasting and trade-cycle analysis have made some progress since, in many cases, the errors have been very considerably reduced. [fre] Cet article examine la « qualité » des prévisions économiques à court terme élaborées par douze organismes français sur la période 1970-1981. Les écarts prévisions-réalisations dépendent principalement des agrégats macro-économiques et de l'horizon prévisionnel considérés. L'erreur absolue sur le taux de croissance du PIB en volume est comprise entre 0,8 et 1,3 point, alors que la hausse des prix est prévue avec une erreur se situant entre 1,1 et 2,1 points par an. Sur l'ensemble de la période étudiée, les prévisionnistes ont péché par excès d'optimisme en surestimant la croissance du PIB en volume de 0,4 point tout en sous-évaluant l'inflation, en moyenne de 1,5 point par an. Pour cette variable, les prévisions des budgets économiques, du magazine L'Expansion et de Rexeco présentent un biais systématique plus important que celles des autres organismes étudiés. Une comparaison des différentes prévisions avec des prévisions fictives obtenues en utilisant des méthodes dites « naïves » montre que, sauf circonstances très particulières, les prévisionnistes reproduisent, dans leurs premières prévisions à court terme (12 à 18 mois), la tendance moyenne observée sur le passé récent. L'examen des performances obtenues par les conjoncturistes étrangers conforte les conclusions trouvées dans l'étude des prévisions françaises : les évolutions nominales sont sous-estimées, les échanges extérieurs ainsi que les fluctuations de l'investissement sont mal prévus, la croissance est, en moyenne, surestimée au cours des années 1970. La comparaison des erreurs de prévision entre le premier et le second « choc pétrolier » montre néanmoins que, en dépit des nouvelles secousses de l'économie mondiale, la prévision à court terme et l'établissement du diagnostic conjoncturel ont progressé, puisque les erreurs ont été souvent divisées par quatre.

Suggested Citation

  • Alain Fonteneau, 1982. "La fiabilité des prévisions macroéconomiques à court terme : 12 ans d'expériences françaises (1970-1981)," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 2(1), pages 69-111.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1982_num_2_1_926
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1982.926
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1982.926
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Victor Zarnowitz, 1978. "On the Accuracy and Properties of Recent Macroeconomic Forecasts," NBER Working Papers 0229, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    2. Aurelio Mattei, 1979. "La qualité des prévisions macroéconomiques," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics (SJES), Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics (SSES), vol. 115(III), pages 385-405, September.
    3. Vincent Su & Josephine Su, 1975. "An Evaluation of ASA/NBER Business Outlook Survey Forecasts," NBER Chapters, in: Explorations in Economic Research, Volume 2, number 4, pages 588-618, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    4. Zarnowitz, Victor, 1978. "On the Accuracy and Properties of Recent Macroeconomic Forecasts," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 68(2), pages 313-319, May.
    5. Su, Vincent, 1978. "An Error Analysis of Econometric and Noneconometric Forecasts," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 68(2), pages 306-312, May.
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