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Les dispositifs d'acquisition à titre facultatif d'annuités viagères en vue de la retraite : une diffusion limitée

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  • Jean Philippe Gaudemet

Abstract

[fre] En complément des pensions servies par les régimes de retraite obligatoires (régime de base et régimes complémentaires), différents dispositifs permettent d’acquérir, à titre facultatif, des annuités de rente viagère. Ils présentent une grande diversité: la souscription s’effectue à titre individuel ou collectif dans le cadre d’organismes de statuts variés (entreprises, sociétés d’assurances, mutuelles, etc.). Les régimes fiscaux et les réglementations prudentielles, qui visent à protéger les parties contractantes contre des risques excessifs, ne sont pas homogènes et conduisent à certaines inégalités d’accès à la rente viagère. L’importance de ces rentes viagères non obligatoires semble très limitée en France: l’ampleur des masses financières concernées reste modeste et le pourcentage de la population qui souscrit à de tels produits est relativement faible. . Des facteurs institutionnels restrictifs s’ajoutent en effet au frein naturel que constitue la réticence à renoncer à la liquidité et à la transmissibilité du capital. Malgré les avantages consentis à certains produits viagers, la fiscalité a tendance à favoriser, parmi les produits d’épargne individuelle, ceux qui permettent une sortie en capital. Les limites à l’exercice de la concurrence et des modalités propres à encourager l’auto-sélection des souscripteurs contribuent aussi à resserrer et à rendre inefficace le marché de la rente viagère. Enfin la réglementation prudentielle apparaît contraignante, tandis que les règles qui s’imposent à la gestion financière limitent le rendement. [spa] Como complemento de las pensiones distribuidas por los regimenes de pensiones obligatorios (régimen de base y regimenes complementarios), varios dispositivos permiten adquirir de modo facultativo unas anualidades de renta vitalicia. Estos dispositivos ofrecen una gran variedad : la suscripcion se hace a titulo individual o colectivo entre unos organismos de estatutos distintos (empresas, aseguradoras, mutualidades, etc.). Los regimenes fiscales y las reglamentaciones prudenciales cuyo objetivo es proteger a las partes contratantes contra los riesgos excesivos, no son homogéneos y conducen a ciertas desigualdades de acceso a la renta vitalicia. La importancia de esas rentas vitalicias no obligatorias parece muy limitada en Francia : la amplitud de las masas financieras en juego es modesta y el porcentaje de poblacion que suscribe esos productos es bastante bajo. Unos factores institucionales restrictivos se agregan al freno natural que constituye la reticencia a renunciar a la liquidez y a la transmisibilidad dei capital. Pese a las ventajas ligadas a algunos productos vitalicios, la fiscalidad tiende a favorecer entre los praductos de ahorra individual, aquellos que permiten una salida en capital. Los limites impuestos al ejercicio de la competencia y unas modalidades que favorecen la seleccion prapia de los suscriptores hacen que el mercado de la renta vitalicia se vaya reduciendo y volviendo ineficaz. En fin, la reglamentacion prudencial es un obstaculo, y las normativas que se imponen a la gestion financiera limitan el rendimiento. [ger] Zur Erganzung der Bezüge der gesetzlichen Rentensysteme (Grundrentensystem und Zusatzversicherungssysteme) gibt es verschiedene Massnahmen, mit denen auf freiwilliger Basis jahrliche Leibrentenleistungen erworben werden können. Diese weisen eine grosse Vielfalt auf : der Vertragsabschluss erfolgt entweder individuell oder kollektiv im Rahmen von Einrichtungen mit unterschiedlichem Status (Unternehmen, Versicherungen, Versicherungen auf Gegenseitigkeit usw.). Die steuerliche Behandlung und die aufsichtsrechtlichen Regeln, die die Vertragsparteien vor übermassigen Risiken schützen sollen, sind nicht einheitlich und führen zu Ungleichheiten beim Erwerb einer Leibrente. ln Frankreich sind diese nicht gesetzlichen Leibrenten nicht sehr verbreitet : das Finanzvolumen ist nach wie vor bescheiden, und der Prozentsatz der Bevölkerung, die solche Vertrage abschliesst, ist relativ gering. Zum natürlichen Hindernis, das das Zögern, auf flüssige Mittel und die Übertragbarkeit des Kapitals zu verzichten, darstellt, kommen noch restriktive institutionelle Faktoren hinzu. Trotz der Vorteile, die die Besteuerung einigen Leibrentenprodukten einraumt, neigt sie eher dazu, unter den individuellen Sparprodukten diejenigen zu begünstigen, die eine Kapitalauszahlung ermöglichen. Der begrenzte Wettbewerb und die Modalitaten zur Förderung der Eigenwahl durch die Zeichner tragen ebenfalls zur Enge und Ineffizienz des Markts der Leibrenten bei. Auch die aufsichtsrechtlichen Bestimmungen erlegen Beschrankungen auf, wahrend die Vorschriften für die finanzielle Verwaltung die Rendite senken. [eng] A number of mechanisms are available to supplement pensions provided by the mandatory pension plans (basic plan and supplementary schemes). These mechanisms are optional and provide life annuities. They come in a wide range of forms : subscription may be individual or collective with bodies of varying legal statuses (companies, insurance firms, mutual insurance companies, etc). The tax regimes and prudential regulations designed to protect the contracting parties against excessive risks are not uniform and give rise to certain inequalities of access to life annuities. These optional life annuities would appear to be extremely limited in France. The financial amounts concerned remain modest and the percentage of the population subscribing to such products is relatively low. Restrictive institutional factors add to the natural brake formed by a reticence to relinquish liquid assets and the transferability of capital. Despite the advantages offered by certain life annuity products, the system oftaxation tends to favour individual savings products that produce a capital yield. Limits on competition and methods to encourage subscriber self-selection also contribute to restricting the life annuity market and making it inefficient. Lastly, the prudential regulations would appear to be restrictive, while the rules governing financial management limit the return on the investment.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean Philippe Gaudemet, 2001. "Les dispositifs d'acquisition à titre facultatif d'annuités viagères en vue de la retraite : une diffusion limitée," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 348(1), pages 81-106.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2001_num_348_1_7427
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2001.7427
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2001.7427
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    References listed on IDEAS

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